The Truth Of Drug Addiction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 917 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Drug Abuse Essay Did you like this example? Abstract As Nathan Driskell once said, Addiction is the only prison where the locks are on the inside. Addiction is a common issue that numerous people dont even consider. Over twenty million Americans under the age of eighteen are, or have been addicted to a type of drug. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Truth Of Drug Addiction" essay for you Create order Drug abuse is a major concern despite a persons race, gender, national origin, ethnicity, social status, or religion. Addictions can affect anyone, and are caused by a variety of reasons. Some addiction is very simple but most is complex in the matter of how it can be treated or prevented. After much research and theorizing, it is believed that drug addiction can be described as a multi-faceted, case by case concern, and can be explained by numerous theories and treated or prevented by different avenues and interventions. To begin, physical dependence theories suggest that drug use encompasses the user to continue taking the drugs, stop, go through withdrawals and then retake the drug in order to avoid withdrawal process. As stated, In the late half of the 19th century, drug abuse was so widespread that Britain went to war twice with China to keep opium trade routes open, and these naturally became known as the Opium Wars. Cocaine was isolated in 1884 and quickly became yet another widespread drug of abuse heroin and other opiates were synthesized and marketed as non addictive alternatives to morphine (Drug Abuse, 2018). Of course, heroin did turn out to be extremely addictive, causing more people to abuse the drug. However, towards the 1970s and 1980s, a new theory came to the surface. As the American Addiction Center has said,positive incentive theory of addiction.This theory focused on the euphoria like feeling that using a drug gave them. Between 1980 and 1984, for the first time cocaine users averaged 1.3 million per year. In addition, most teens today regularly abuse drugs or alcohol to compensate for anxiety, depression, or a lack of positive skills. Vulnerability to addiction varies from person to person, the symptoms differ, but there are specific factors that may make one person more vulnerable to addiction (Addiction Center, 2018). Irritability or aggression are common side effects after using illegal substance.There can also be a large change in personality, attitude, school performance, friend groups, family relationships, or delinquent behaviors exhibited by those using these substances. Physical changes could include; blackouts, withdrawal symptoms, red eyes, change in eating, sleeping habits, mood swings, irritability, and anger outburst. Physical addiction appears to occur when repeated use of a drug changes the way the brain feel pleasure(Aacap). If the use of a drug goes to far the abuser could possibly face death. Every addict all have different symptoms, and they all have different reactions to the drug they are using. Furthermore, drug abuse tends to significantly alter a persons behavior and daily habits. Relapses happen to about 40-60%, this rate is very similar to rates with other chronic diseases. (People Press, 2014). However, when the high wears off, that person becomes frustrated, angry, and possibly hungry for more of the drug in order to have that relaxing feeling again. The user craves the drug, always chasing after that euphoric type of feeling. Almost 80 percent of individuals suffering from a substance use disorder in 2014 struggled with an alcohol use disorder, NSDUH (American Addiction Center,2014). Addiction causes the uncontrollable craving to continue the abuse, the desire to use grows more important than anything else, including family, friends, career, and even ones health and happiness. Mixed factors can contribute to teen drug abuse, from insecurity to a desperation for social attention and acceptance. Uniquely, there are thousands of drug abuse rehabilitation programs offer addicts a wide selection of treatment, ranging from traditional, evidenced based care to more experimental or universal services. As the American Addiction Center Resource has stated, As drugs have been abused for hundreds of years all over the world, their effects have been felt for just as long (source 1). There are numerous types of treatment options, The National Institute on Drug Abuse reports that there are over 14,500 specialized substance abuse treatment programs offering countless of care options. Therapeutic methods to pharmaceutical tools to complementary forms of medicine, about 10% of Americans claim to be in recovery from alcohol or drug issues. Multiple doctors tell patients to have alone or family therapy sessions, learning new coping skills and knowing where to find help are essential. The Proliferation of these substance birthed many agencies, all commissioned to counter the scourge of illegal drugs. These bureaucracies, in turn, needed statical information in order to effectively understand the scope of their task (People Press, 2014). Levels of care and settings that change reckoning on your wants, such as outpatient, residential and patient programs. A focal point on understanding the nature of addiction, becoming drug free and preventing relapse. Conclusion To Conclude, the truth behind drug abuse is very devastating and destructive. In the past, drugs have been popularized by users and became a thing that people couldnt live without. This has been passed down generation by generation. The consequences of the drug use is a thing that shocks the majority of society, but those symptoms vary from person to person and it depends on the drug they abuse. The treatment for this addiction is very hard to control because once they have that drug they are most likely not to go back to normal, and they could have many relapses, and it could take months or even years for the abuser to heal from the addiction.

Effects Of Matrix Stiffness On Primary Pancreatic Cancer...

3. Results (620-current730) 3.1 Softer substrate regulates proliferation of primary pancreatic cancer cells To study the effects of matrix stiffness on primary pancreatic cell proliferation, we first developed a 2D hydrogel system with stiffness (SSM) that mimic those of healthy pancreatic tissue and cancerous pancreas previously characterized. Briefly, the cancerous pancreatic tissue had a larger range of SSM (2kPa – 30kPa) and a higher average SSM than normal tissue (0.8 – 4 kPa). Consequently, to account for the variability of stiffness on cancerous tissue, our model included two groups of PA hydrogels with Acrylamide:Bisacrylamide (Ac:Bis) ratios of: (1) 6%:0.075% and (2) 10%:0.075% 25kPa yielding an average SSM of 8kPa and 25kPa†¦show more content†¦We examined the viability of the cells in response to the chemotherapeutic as a function of the matrix stiffness (Figure 2C). We observed that as the cells underwent apoptosis they detached from the substrates. Consequently, we collected the media before (Day 7) and after (Day 10) the chemotherapy to quantify the nu mber of cells in suspension. As depicted on Figure 2C, the PC cells cultured on softer substrates experience larger increase in dead cells resulting from the chemotherapy compared to the PC cells growing on stiffer substrates. As Figure 2A shows, both Gemcitabine concentrations lead to a change in cell morphology and a higher decrease in cell area on the softer PC tumors (3kPa and 8kPa) compared to the stiffer PC tumors (25kPa and control group). To further explore the effect of matrix stiffness on the response of PC cells to chemotherapy, we used enzymatic activity as a metric of cell proliferation. We perform alamarBlue ® assay before adding the Gemcitabine treatment and after 72hrs of treatment. As depicted in Figure 2B, there is a dramatic (x-x for 2um and xx for 5uM) decrease of the enzymatic activity of the PC cells growing on softer substrates in response to the chemotherapy. On the other hand, the PC cells growing on stiffer matrices shows no decrease of enzymatic activity when treated with 2  µM of Gemcitabine and a xx when treated with 5 µM of

Emmas Parlor Case free essay sample

She put in 60-70 hours a week in the beginning. She chose everything in the parlor to help it succeed. Once the business was finally growing she had the continued need to achieve and that’s when she started to blend her own Organic Teas. She continued to grow and improve and she took the business to the web. Those are some of the characteristics of an entrepreneur that Emma possesses. Emma’s Parlor is in the success stage of business growth. The company is profitable both on the web and in the Parlor. She now employs about 20 people. Emma is in the process of deciding whether to stay involved and focusing on just the web or the tearoom. She is also considering turning the business over to an experienced restaurant manager or selling the tearoom outright. In the leading part of management at the success stage, the manager has to either learn to motivate employees or hire managers that can. We will write a custom essay sample on Emmas Parlor Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the controlling part of management at the success stage the manager needs to start implementing structured control systems. The web-based organic tea business is in the success stage as well. It has grown to this stage faster then the tearoom. It is solidly based and profitable. It produces less revenue then the tearoom but has a higher profit margin! And as I have stated she is looking into focusing on either the tearoom or the web based business and turning the other over to managers. E-business is so important that you have to plan and allocate resources for internet operations from the beginning and these plans grow as the company grows. Emma is an entrepreneur and she needs to continue to be one. She has the characteristics that I listed above and if she were to get out of the business she would have to find something to fill those voids. I think she needs to keep both the web based business and tearoom and hire managers to help. I think she needs to focus on the tearoom and find a manager to help her with the web based business. She is an outgoing person so she likes the interaction but the workload of both is just too much to handle. She really is great with the tea now and has kind of become an expert in the teas. She needs to stick with the tea and get the help necessary to continue the growth of the business without taking on too much of the workload. So that is what I think Emma should do. I think she should continue with both the web business and the tearoom and hire managers to help her effectively and efficiently manage the business.

The play The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams Essay Example For Students

The play The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams Essay The play The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams, Williams uses many symbols which represent many different things. Many of the symbols used in the play try to symbolize some form of escape or difference between reality and illusion. The first symbol, presented in the first scene, is the fire escape. This represents the bridge between the illusory world of the Wingfields and the world of reality. This bridge seems to be a one way passage. But the direction varies for each character. For Tom, the fire escape is the way out of the world of Amanda and Laura and an entrance into the world of reality. We will write a custom essay on The play The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For Laura, the fire escape is a way into her world. A way to escape from reality. Both examples can readily be seen: Tom will stand outside on the fire escape to smoke, showing that he does not like to be inside, to be a part of the illusionary world. Laura, on the other hand, thinks of the fire escape as a way in and not a way out. This can be seen when Amanda sends Laura to go to the store: Laura trips on the fire escape. This also shows that Lauras fears and emotions greatly affect her physical condition, more so than normal people. Another symbol presented deals more with Tom than any of the other characters: Toms habit of going to the movies shows us his longing to leave the apartment and head out into the world of reality. A place where one can find adventure. And Tom, being a poet, can understand the needs of man to long for adventure and romance. But he is kept from entering reality by Amanda, who criticizes him as being a selfish dreamer. But, Tom has made steps to escape into reality by transferring the payment of a light bill to pay for his dues in the Merchant Seamans Union. Another symbol, which deals with both Amanda and Laura, is Jim OConnor. To Laura, Jim represents the one thing she fears and does not want to face, reality. Jim is a perfect example of the common man. A person with no real outstanding quality. In fact, Jim is rather awkward, which can be seen when he dances with Laura. To Amanda, Jim represents the days of her youth, when she went frolicking about picking jonquils and supposedly having seventeen gentlemen callers on one Sunday afternoon. Although Amanda desires to see Laura settled down with a nice young man, it is hard to tell whether she wanted a gentleman caller to be invited for Laura or for herself. One symbol which is rather obvious is Lauras glass menagerie. Her collection of glass represents her own private world. Set apart from reality, a place where she can hide and be safe. The events that happen to Lauras glass affects Lauras emotional state greatly. When Amanda tells Laura to practice typing, Laura instead plays with her glass. When Amanda is heard walking up the fire escape, she quickly hides her collection. She does this to hide her secret world from the others. When Tom leaves to go to the movies in an angered rush, he accidentally breaks some of Lauras glass. The shattered glass represents Lauras understanding of Toms responsibilities to her. Also, the unicorn, which is important, represents Laura directly. Laura points out to Jim that the unicorn is different, just as she is different. She also points out that the unicorn does not complain of being different, as she does not complain either. And when Jim breaks the horn off the unicorn, Laura points out that now it is like the other horses, just as Laura has shed some of her shyness and become more normal. .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c , .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c .postImageUrl , .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c , .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c:hover , .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c:visited , .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c:active { border:0!important; } .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c:active , .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub877bd053f446ec12f0608d1fa1d908c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: One of Britain's most popular writers EssayWhen she hands the broken unicorn to Jim, this might represent Laura handing over her broken love to Jim, as Jim has revealed that he is engaged to be married. As can be seen, there are quite a few symbols in this play. And a number of them have diverse meanings. Most of these symbols have a direct meaning in the authors own life. This is understandable seeing that the play is supposed to be memory play. It is obvious that this memory play is based on Williams own memories.

Construction Of A Geneticis Essays - Geneticist, Genetics

Construction Of A Geneticis The Construction of a Geneticist I. A. The construction of a geneticist follows a difficult path of education, preparation, and hard work. B. Genetic Engineering C. Scope 1- accomplishments 2- job description 3- education 4- opportunities 5- future 6- (interview) - Personal insight - Attraction to job II. Background III. Accomplishments IV. Job Description & Opportunities V. Education & salary VI. Interview -Attraction, Personal Insight -Future VII. Conclusion- Why I would or wouldnt be a genetic engineer? The Construction of a Geneticist The construction of a geneticist is a person that follows a difficult path of education, preparation, and hard work. Geneticists along with all branches of Genetic Engineering have grown in numbers and importance over the last hundred years. Geneticists have accomplished things that Isaac Asimov and authors like him only dreamed about. What was science fiction then is science fact now, the cycle continues through this day. (Facklam 16) The genetic field will continue to grow until every aspect of life is perfect, but that will take quite a while. Career Opportunities in Genetics are everywhere within the biological community. They may work in colleges and universities, research institutions, medical institution, and commercial enterprises of many kinds. Every work environment is unique, and categorizes overlap-but certain general trends exist. (Career Opportunities in Genetics 9) Genetic Engineering has a long past and an even longer future, however, to enter the field a person must have a strong background in sciences and intensive training. Despite the controversy of Genetics, Courtney Sailes of the Genentech Inc. has accomplished such training. He is working in the biochemistry division and has an important impact people across the world. Gregor Mendel is known as the father of Modern Genetics, however he was not the start of the long chain of genetic engineers. (Microsoft Encarta 98) Genetic engineers can be traced back to 6000 BC when Yeast was used to make beer by Sumerians and Babylonians. Before that the domestication of animals was the most complex example of genetic engineering. Todays geneticists still work with animals and plants, however, instead of just studying them, they can create them. Geneticists also try to perfect and alter deficiencies to help solve problems in todays world. Geneticists creation of bigger fruit, vegetables and vaccinations help people live everyday. Genetic Engineering may one day eliminate horrible genetic defects. (Facklam 79) Genetic Engineering is a science that can alter the ways in which we live, but not with out social and legal problems to solve as we go along. (Facklam sleeve) The discovery of the structure of DNA resulted in an explosion of research in molecular biology and genetics, paving the way for the biotechnology revolution. Genetic engineering became a reality when a man-made gene was used to manufacture a human protein in bacteria for the first time. Biotech companies and universities were off to the races, and the world will never be the same again. (Biotechnology Timeline 1977- Present) Accomplishments done in part of genetic engineering have made the earth a better and safer place to live. Hybridization of rice and wheat has increased food output by more than 100%. (Encarta 98) Geneticist across the world are attempting to stop the spread of deadly cells strains, if there is a virus or bacteria there is a cure and a way to stop it. The vaccination of polio, the cure for leprosy, and small pox all are possible due to the minds and wills of genetic engineers. On July 25, 1979, Louise Brown became the worlds first test-tube-baby, hailed by many as a biological breakthrough and condemned by other as a way for man to control and manipulate life. (Facklam 87) The cloning of Dolly, the lamb, and other animals allows scientist to research cures for illness with little deviation in subjects. Almost all breakthroughs in the medical research field are directly related to genetic engineering. Geneticist play an important role in everything around us, they give us more than just better creations they give us a better understanding of life as we know it (C.O. in G. 14), Geneticist is just a general title given to several occupations. Each specific occupation consists of its own environment, but share many common traits. Population Biology, Population Genetics, Evolution, Evolutionary Genetics, Sociology, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics, Agriculture, Plant Genetics, Biochemistry, Biochemical Genetics, Cytogenetics, Cytology, Medicine,

The Life and Accomplishments of Marcus Aurelius

The Life and Accomplishments of Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius (r. A.D. 161-180) was a Stoic philosopher and one of the five good Roman emperors (r. A.D. 161-180). He was born on April 26, A.D. 121, according to DIR Marcus Aurelius, or perhaps April 6 or 21. He died on March 17, 180. His Stoic philosophical writings are known as the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, which were written in Greek. He was succeeded by his son the infamous Roman emperor Commodus. It was during the reign of Marcus Aurelius that the Marcomannic War broke out at the northern frontier of the empire. It was also the time of the important physician Galen who wrote about a particularly virulent pandemic that was given Marcus Aurelius family name. Quick Facts Name at birth: Marcus Annius VerusName as emperor: Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus AugustusDates: April 26, 121 - March 17, 180Parents: Annius Verus and Domitia Lucilla;Adoptive father: (Emperor) Antoninus PiusWife: Faustina, daughter of Hadrian; 13 children, including Commodus Family History and Background Marcus Aurelius, originally Marcus Annius Verus, was the son of the Spanish Annius Verus, who had received patrician rank from Emperor Vespasian, and Domitia Calvilla or Lucilla. Marcus father died when he was three months old, at which time his grandfather adopted him. Later, Titus Antoninus Pius adopted Marcus Aurelius at the age of 17 or 18 as part of an agreement he had made with Emperor Hadrian promoting Antoninus Pius to the status of heir. Career The Augustan History says that it was when Marcus was adopted as heir that he was first called Aurelius instead of Annius. Antoninus Pius made Marcus consul and caesar in A.D. 139. In 145, Aurelius married his sister by adoption, Faustina, daughter of Pius. After they had a daughter, he was granted tribunician power and imperium outside Rome. When Antoninus Pius died in 161, the Senate awarded the imperial power to Marcus Aurelius; however, Marcus Aurelius gave joint power to his brother (by adoption) and called him Lucius Aurelius Verus Commodus. The two co-ruling brothers are referred to as Antonines as in the Antonine plague of 165–180. Marcus Aurelius ruled from A.D. 161-180. Imperial Hotspots SyriaArmenia (Marcus Aurelius took the name Armeniacus)Parthia (took the name Parthicus)Chatti (took the name Germanicus by 172 since the name appears in inscriptions then [Cassius Dio])BritonsMarcomanni (when Aurelius defeated them and freed the Pannonian provinces, he and his son Commodus celebrated a triumph) Plague As Marcus Aurelius was preparing for the Marcommanic War (along the Danube, between Germanic tribes and Rome), a plague broke out killing thousands. The Antonini (Marcus Aurelius and his co-emperor/brother-by adoption) helped with burials expenses. Marcus Aurelius also aided the Romans in time of famine and so is thought of as a particularly benevolent rule. Death Marcus Aurelius died in March 180. Before his funeral, he had been declared a god. When his wife, Faustina, had died in 176, Marcus Aurelius asked the Senate to deify her and built her a temple. The gossipy Augustan History says that Faustina had not been a chaste wife and that it was considered a stain on Marcus Aurelius reputation that he promoted her lovers. Marcus Aurelius ashes were put in Hadrians mausoleum. Marcus Aurelius was succeeded by his biological heir, in contradistinction to the previous four good emperors. Marcus Aurelius son was Commodus. The Column of Marcus Aurelius The Column of Marcus Aurelius had a spiral staircase leading to a top from which one could view the Antonine funerary monuments in the Campus Martius. Marcus Aurelius German and Sarmatian campaigns were shown in relief sculptures spiraling up the 100-Roman-foot column. 'The Meditations' Between 170 and 180, Marcus Aurelians wrote 12 books of generally pithy observations from what is considered a Stoic perspective while emperor, in Greek. These are known as his Meditations. Source â€Å"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus - 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica - Bible Encyclopedia.†Ã‚  StudyLight.org, www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/bri/m/marcus-aurelius-antoninus.html.

Choosing the Right Coach for Your Employees Article

Choosing the Right Coach for Your Employees - Article Example The importance of hiring the right coach and the available options has been extensively addressed by Leslie Allan in his book, From Training to Enhanced Workplace Performance. Allan points out that the coach plays a major role in determining whether your coaching program will be a failure or a success. He or she may be someone with a prior working relationship with your organization's employees and may be hired from within or outside the organization. A manager is one of the internal coach options suggested by Allan. By manager, he is referring to anyone in a leadership position within the organization such as the supervisor or team leader; someone who the employee's report to directly or who is higher up the managerial ladder. Those higher up bring in some degree of objectivity and are best suited for leadership, professional and interpersonal skills coaching. Managers are a good choice if the training involves technical aspects that they are conversant with. It will also serve to make managers more productive and to strengthen the manager-employee working relationship. You can also choose a trainer especially if the coaching program is related to a running training course. Through a trainer, the employees will be able to apply the skills acquired in the training course on the job. The trainer possesses the required knowledge and is familiar with the learning styles of each employee. Subject matter experts also make good coaches as they possess the relevant expertise in a particular area and can pass this on to employees. In all choices, you should ensure that the coach has the necessary coaching skills and the time (Allan, 2008) Allan also offers suggestions on who to hire outside the organization. These include external consultants who are skilled in coaching and who bring in objectivity due to their unfamiliarity with the organization. Peers can also be hired and these are people working in the same level as the employees being coached. This is somewhat unconventional but can be made to work by encouraging employees to share their work experiences and learn from them. You do not have to work with a single option only and can organize for multiple coaching interactions which will cater to the learning styles of each employee. The quality of the coach's skills is crucial and should not be overlooked. The coaching schedule should also be made available to participants and a system of monitoring and evaluation set up to monitor the program's success (Allan, 2008). Choosing the right coach for your employees is not an easy task. You have to ensure that he or she is the best possible candidate for the job and will bring out the best in your employees. Allan's book offers great insight into the hiring of coaches and is a great read for employers seeking to create a good coaching environment for their employees. His proposition to hire managers from within the organization as coaches is especially valuable since they are the best placed to ensure the success of the program. This is because they are in constant contact with the employees and therefore understand his or her background, including strengths and weaknesses very well. Being managers, they should possess at least the technical skills for the job that they will pass on to the employees through training. Most employees look up to their managers for direction and if coached by them, are likely to put more effort to appear productive and increase their

Effects of re-education on poor hand washing Essay

Effects of re-education on poor hand washing - Essay Example methods have been initiated to enlist the input of the healthcare providers in hospital setting and home-based care by family members of the patient. Awareness creation through education remains a critical approach in dealing with this problem as the observed trend has been found to be attributed to inadequate information on procedure and significance of the exercise. Although the healthcare facilities management knows that hand hygiene is instrumental in reducing hospital related infection, there has been limited education campaign pointed towards the nurses and patient’s relatives. It is therefore important to note that re-education remains the appropriate measure in improving on the incidences of hospital acquired infections (Filetoth, 2002). Hand hygiene re-education should be conducted by encouraging hand washing by health care workers before seeing patients, after contact with bodily fluids, before invasive procedures, and after removing gloves. The increasing incidence of hospital acquired infection has raised concerns and requires more attention through education on hand hygiene. Although the information is available in hospitals, there has been significant ignorance and negligence by the nurses towards proper hand hygiene as a mitigation measure. It is therefore critical to underline the need to develop a sound education program to improve quantity and quality (completeness of hand rubbing and drying time) of hand hygiene. Exhaustive analysis of the findings on the efforts towards hand hygiene forms the basis of ascertaining the impact of education on cases of hospital acquired infections. The aim of the hand hygiene solution through washing is to emphasize building or strengthening capacity so that hand hygiene improvement is seen as and becomes an integrated component of a broader Hospital Acquired Infection prevention strategy. Poor hand washing is responsible for complex patient condition as it is not accounted for during diagnosis as it

Enviromental problems in Haiti Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Enviromental problems in Haiti - Essay Example e, flooding in Mapou and Fond-Verettes caused the death of over 2,000 Haitians in May 2004 and only 4 months later, in September 2004, 3,000 people died after Tropical Storm Jeanne / Forum on the Environmental Crisis in Haiti, 2004 /. Haiti is an island, which constitutes 1/3 of Hispaniola, and occupies 1,770 km of coastline. Due to the climate and geographical situation the island had extremely rich flora and fauna, but in the last century great climate changes occurred, which caused the change of the whole general view of the island. One of the greatest problems of Haiti is deforestation of major territory of the island. Over 98% of all forests covering the island were destroyed, which entailed serious consequences like massive land erosion and sedimentation, which in its turn had the gravest possible effect on marine resources / Haiti and San Andrà ©s Join COSALC, 2006 /. Now when we look at the natural picture of the Haiti island we would see a grave picture: of previously rich forests only 1.5 % survived, 15,000 hectares of arable land become unsuitable every year, almost all water sources are seriously contaminated, rich biodiversity of Haiti was greatly influenced and destroyed /Paryski, 1996 /. The worse is that that the biological problems of Haiti go beyond the problems of the single island but threatens the environment of neighboring islands. For example, the same environmental problems are now also experienced in the Dominican Republic. The whole Hispaniola felt that the population of wintering and breeding birds reduced sharply and coral reefs disappear sharply /Paryski, 1996 /. Now let us dwell in more detail on the problems of the environment of Haiti. It should be also remembered that these problems are for the most part common with the other small island developing states. The first problem concerns land resources, which decrease considerably due to the bad-considered land use policy, great number and density of the population and the influence

donepezil hydrochloride

donepezil hydrochloride Abstract- This article describes the discovery processes of donepezil hydrochloride which is inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Cholinergic hypothesis and other studies proved that deterioration in cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease is due to deficit in cholinergic neurotransmission and target to treat Alzheimer disease is to inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Position emission tomography (PET) study has shown that donepezil distributes in all acetylcholineterase rich brain regions and binds to it. Structure activity relationship (SAR) and quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) has also revealed that donepezil hydrochloride is gives optimum actylcholinesterase inhibition activity than its other analogues. Many methods are available for synthesis of donepezil hydrochloride with their merits and demerits. Keywords- Donepezil hydrochloride, Aricept, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, PET study, indanone derivatives. Abbrevations AD(Alzheimer disease), PET(position emission tomography), QSAR(quantitative structure activity relationship), Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor(AchEI), Aim To study different processes involved in drug discovery of Donepezil hydrochloride. Objectives- The main Objectives of this project are given below To study overall literature review of donepezil hydrochloride . To discuss discovery process involved in discovery of donepezil hydrochloride such as target identification, target validation and lead optimization Introduction- Donepezil hydrochloride is the reversible acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitor having N-benzylpiperidine and indanone moiety in it (Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2008). It is referred as E2020 in most of the pharmaceutical literatures. This is the second drug approved by U.S FDA for treatement mild and moderate Alzheimer disease (Stahl Stephen M et al, 2006). It is Patented and marketed in United states of America, some European and Asian countries under the trade name Aricept by Eisai.co.,Ltd (Stahl Stephen M et al, 2006) (Tripathi KD , 2006) (Dale Rang H et al, 2006). Drug Discovery of donepezil- The drug discovery process of donepezil involves various phases as follows Target identification Target validation Lead recognition Lead optimization Target identification Target identification of drug means molecular recognition of site to which it will bind. For many drugs target is protein molecules. Target identification needs information about pathophysiology of disease and identification of particular biochemical steps that leads to therapeutic intervention. Conventional stratergies of target identification are mainly based on pathphysiology of disease. But newer stratergies of target of identification are based on proteonomics and genomics (Rang H PB et al, 2006). About 50-60% of Alzheimer disease patient are of over 65 year age (Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2006). It is the neurodegenerative disorder with mean duration of 8.5 years between onset of action and death of patient (Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2006). Symtoms of this disease includes gross and progressive impairement of cognitive functions. The most affected areas in the alzheimers disease are hippocampus and neocortex which are important for mental functions. Pathophysiology of disease consis ts of external deposits of amyloid precursors and intracellular formation of neurofibrillary tangles leads to neuronal synapses loss (Francis Paul T et al, 1999) Beta amyloid is the main component of sensile plaque formed by proteolysis of amyloid precursor proteins. Tangles are abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and regulated by balance between multiple kinases and phosphates. Hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins carry out sequestration of normal tau and other microtubule associated protein leads to impairment of axonal transport. This tau becomes prone to aggregation into insoluble fibril in tangles (Bartonili Manuala et al, 2003) (Andrisano Vincenza et al, 2003) According to cholinergic hypothesis, deterioration in cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease is due to degeneration of cholinergic neuron into forebrain and consequently decreased cholinergic neurotransmission in cerebral cortex and hippocampus (Francis Paul T et al 1999). Cholinergic neuron synthesizes acetylcholine, which is the acetic acid ester of choline. Acetylcholine is synthesized from the acetic acid and choline with the help of cholineacetylase. After stimuli vesicles discharge acetylcholine at the nerve ending and binds to postsynaptic receptors. Acetylcholine is stored into the synaptic vesicles which are accumulated at the nerve endings, also prevents its hydrolysis. Acetylcholine is hydrolises by acetylcholinesterase into acetic acid and choline(Tripathi KD 2006). Thus in Alzheimer disease cholinergic neurotransmission can be enhanced by inhibiting preventing the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, choline precursor,acetylcholine release facilitators ,M1 and M3 agonists ,Nicotinic agonistics but all these drugs were not effective to improve cognitive function in Alzheimer disease except cholinesterase inhibitors. Cholinesterase drugs have shown significant improvement in cognitive functions of Alzheimer disease. This has proved that cholinestera se inhibition is the main target to improve cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease (Sabbagha Marwan N et al, 2008) (Fisher Abraham et al, 2008). Target validation of donepezil- Target validation is the investigational approach by which potential drug target can be tested and given further reliability. Target validation is pharmaceutical approach in which influence of drug is observed. (Rang H PB et al, 2006). According to cholinergic and other studies acetylcholinesterase inhibition is the main target to improve imrove cogntitive functions in alzheimer disease patient. Okamaru Nobuyuki et al studied invivo binding of donepezil in the brain of alzheimer disease patient. They radiolabled donepezil as [11c-methoxy]-donepezil for position emission tomography imaging. Evaluation of binding and distribution of donepezil performed on mild and moderate Alzheimer disease patients. Normal control group volunteers had neither cognitive function impairements nor cerebrovascular lesions on magnetic resonance. PET study carried out after three months of neuropsychological medical examination. Region of interest analysis was carried for validation of regional distrubution of donepezil. PET images demonstrated that high volume of [11C]-donepezil distributed in all regions of brain like striatum, thalamus, striatum, and neocortex which are rich in acetylcholinesterase. Tissue time curves of [c11] -donipezil shown initial rapid uptake of donepezil in brain followed by gradual clearance in both elderly normal and alzheimer disease patients. Specific distribution volume was calculated from region of interest by metabolite corrected plasma time activity curve. Donezpezil shown linear regression on logan plot analysis in all brain region as shown in figure -1. (Okamura Nobuyuki et al, 2008) (Yanai Kazuhiko et al, 2003) Lead generation A lead compound is a new chemical entity that could potentialy developed into new drug by optimizing its valuable and minimizing side effect. High throught screening is mainly used for lead generation(Rang H P et al, 2006). Many drugs were trialed to improve the cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease like cholinergic agonist such as oxetremorine, choline precursor phosphatidylcholine but that were inffective. Numerous clinical trials carried out on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as physostigmine, this trial shown that this class of drug resulted in improvement of cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease patients. However these clinical trials also proved that physostigmine has poor brain Penetration and thus less active (Muramoto,M et al, 1979). In 1981 summers et.al gave intravenous injection of tacrine to Alzheimer disease patients which were until that time used as antiseptic. These doses of tacrine shown measurable improvement in alzheimer symtoms but tacrine had shown ma ny side effects such as hepatotoxicity( Farlow SI et al, 1992). Later then scientist focused on development of new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Research and development of donepezil started in 1983 in Eisai .co .Ltd. Kawakami et al started to develop nontoxic tacrine derivatives but they failed to develop such tacrine derivative. While random screening scientists observed that N-benzylpiperazine (compound-A) has moderate anticholinesterase activity which was previously being synthesized for antiarterial sclerosis(Kawakami Yoshiyuki et al 2000)). During subsequent screening Kawakami et al used benzylpiperazine as seed compound and synthesized around 700 derivatives. Succeeding this experiment, it was observed that increase in acetylcholinesterase activity by replacing n-benzylpiperazine with N-benzylpiperidine moiety(compound-B). It was also found that slightly increase in activity by replacing ether group with amide group(compound-C) and removal of nitro group from benzamide moeity (compound-D) decreases activity. ((Kawakami Yoshiyuki et al 2 000). From these results Kawakami et al synthesized benzsulfonyl derivative and found that it is a most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor than benzpiperazine derivative. Benzsulfonyl derivarive showed very selective activity towards acetylcholinesterase but very poor bioavaibility. On the basis of this result they used benzoylsulfonyl derivative as lead compound. In next screening they replaced amide moiety with ketone moiety and maintained activity. Then Kawakami et al synthesized various indanone derivatives among them he found that donepezil has good acetylcholinesterase activity and bioavaibility(Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 1992). STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP OF DONEPEZIL Indananone derivatives were tested on rat for acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity according to method of Ellman et al. donepezil structure is divided into four rings as follows. Part 1- Indanone ring Part 2 -linkage moeity Part 3- piperidine moeity Part4 -benzyl moiety Modification at Indanone moeity If indanone moeity is replaced with ÃŽ ±-tetralone ,1-benzene suberone , 5,6 dimethoxy indene greately decreased activity ,while 25 fold increased activity by introducing methxy group at 5,6 position of indanone moeity .Carbonyl group is important for activity.Introduction of methoxy group at R3 position increase in activity by 20 fold .A methoxy group at R4 position increases activityby 10 fold . also slightly increase in activity on substitution to of methoxy group at para position in the benzoyl group moeity enhanced binding to the active site of acetylcholinesterase enzyme(Camps Pelayo et al, 2008). 2) Modification at linkage moiety- Various bridging group between indanone and piperidine moeity were tested for cholinesterase activity. If both indanone and piperidine rings joined directly then it dicreases activity .Increase in acivity with different bridging group in the following order prophylene >methylene>penthylene> ethylene >butylenes. (Sugimoto Hachiro et al , 1990). (3)Modification at piperidine moeity- Activity is depend on location and no of nitrogen atom .Nitrogen atom at 1-position of benzpiperidine is important for activity since N atom at 4-position of benzpiperidine decreases activity .If piperidine ring is replaced with piperazine moeity .then it dicreases activity(Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2008). 4)Modification at benzyl moeity- 3-position substituted benzyl derivative showed greater activity among -2,-3,-4, substituted reioisomers .If benzene ring is substituted with electron withdrawing nitrogen group and electron donating methyl group shows similar activity .Replacement of benzyl group with phenylethyl group and 2-napthyl group decreased activity(.Kawakami Yoshiyuki et al, 2000)( Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 1990). Lead development of donepezil Once lead compound is identified then it is optimized and characterized for different aspects such as QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship), SAR(structure activity relationship),synthesis method . Synthesis of donepezil If any compound shows optimum activity in above lead optimization processes then that compounds enter in further stage of lead optimization process. For physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic, pharmacokidynamic study of lead compound highly purified and large amount of drug is required. Therefore synthesis method for lead compound is important. Sugimoto and co-workers discovered method for synthesis of donezepil with an overall yield of 27.4%. This process involves synthesis of ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ² substituted ketones(compound 11) from 1-indanone by aldol condensation. This unsaturation product is catalytically reduced by Palladium to compound (13) but this method needs subzero temperature (-78%) and very toxic chemicals, such as n- butyl litium.( Tsuchiya Yutaka, 1992). Also many other method have been reported, which are too time consuming or not suitable for large scale production. Stephen discovered efficient synthesis method for donepezil and its analogue. This method involves hydrogenation of pyridine analogues ( compound 7) by using platinum oxide [scheme 2, path A] which is very expensive .If platinum oxide replace with less expensive 5% palladium carbon then it synthesizes compound (8) and compound (11).(US patent 6252081). Chandrashekhar R et al developed economical and efficient method for donepezil synthesis (scheme 2, path ÃŽ ²). In first step they condensed 5,6 dimethoxy -1-indan 1-one [ compound 2] with isonicotinaldehyde compound(3) by modification in standard procedure .By this condensation they formed intermediate compound (6) with 95.8% yield. Afterward he carried out hydrogenation of pyridine ring by using palladium carbon then he observed two main impurities compound (9) and compound (10) due to competitive side reaction of carb onyl ring. In this method they not only maintained different reaction conditions like reaction time, hydrogen pressure, and different solvent but also hydrogenated compound (6) in methanol under hydrogen pressure with 90% yield and 98.5% purity. Final step of donepezil involves benzylation of compound (8). In benzylation nature of solvent and quality benzylbromide plays important role in controlling dibenzyl product ( Elati Chandrashekar R et al, 2006). If acetone, dichloromethane, acetonitril, isopropylether and dichloromethane gives very poor yield. Conclusion- In conclusion donepezil hydrochloride is the novel and efficacious cholinesterase inhibitor than other acetylchlinesterase inhibitors. Cholinergic hypothesis shown that cholinergic degradation is the main reason for Alzheimer isease. By target validation it is also proved that donepezil bind to the acetyl cholinesterase and inhibits it. By the target validation it is also proved that donepezil inhibits cholinesterase mainly into the cortical and other areas where high concentration of cholinesterase is situated Is Donepezil has strongly proved cholinergic hypothesis and Also shown that cholineterse inhibition is the main target for treatement of alzimer disease than acetylcholine agonists and acetylcholine precursor. After different structure replacement and attachment to the lead compound of donepezil it is also proved that donepezil has good specificity and activity than other analogues .QSAR study of donepezil and its analogues also shown that donepezil is strongly binds to cholin esterase than other indanone derivatives. Sugimoto and their co workers also synthesized different pyridine and indanone derivatives they also got good efficacy of the results . For donepezil synthesis different methods have been developed all have some disadvantages and problems regarding hydrogenation step. But chandrashekhar elati et al method has overcome this problems by modifying synthesis methods. Acknowledgement- I thanks to Dr Kevine Devine, Dr Annie Bligh, Dr Dhaya Perumal for their guidance to study drug discovery technology module and prepare project(Dissitation) on donepezil discovery processes.

Value Added Tax of the Philippines

Value-Added Tax is a form of sales tax. It is a tax on consumption levied on the sale, barter, exchange or lease of goods or properties and services in the Philippines and on importation of goods into the Philippines. It is an indirect tax, which may be shifted or passed on to the buyer, transferee or lessee of goods, properties or services. 1. What is a VAT registered individual? Any person or entity who, in the course of his trade or business, sells, barters, exchanges, leases goods or properties and renders services subject to VAT, if the aggregate amount of actual gross sales or receipts exceed One Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P1,500,000. 00). * A person required to register as VAT taxpayer but failed to register * Any person, whether or not made in the course of his trade or business, who imports goods 2. What are the steps and requirements of the NIRC? First, an individual must fill-up BIR Form No. 2550 M(Monthly Value-Added Tax Declaration) in triplicate copies (two co pies for the BIR and one copy for the taxpayer) * If there is payment: 1. File the Monthly VAT declaration, together with the required attachments, and pay the VAT due thereon with any Authorized Agent Bank (AAB) under the jurisdiction of the Revenue District Office (RDO)/Large Taxpayers District Office (LTDO) where the taxpayer (head office of the business establishment) is registered or required to be registered. 2.The taxpayer must accomplish and submit BIR-prescribed deposit slip, which the bank teller shall machine validate as evidence that payment was received by the AAB. The AAB receiving the tax return shall stamp mark the word â€Å"Received† on the return and machine validate the return as proof of filing the return and payment of the tax. 3. In places where there are no duly accredited agent banks, file the Monthly VAT declaration, together with the required attachments and pay the VAT due with the Revenue Collection Officer (RCO) or duly authorized Treasurer of th eMunicipality where such taxpayer (head office of the business establishment) is registered or required to be registered. 4. The RCO or duly authorized Municipal/City Treasurer shall issue a Revenue Official Receipt upon payment of the tax. * If there is no payment: File the Monthly VAT Declaration, together with the required attachments with the RDO/LTDO/Large Taxpayers Assistance Division, Collection Agent or duly authorized Municipal/ City Treasurer of Municipality/City where the taxpayer (head office of the business establishment) is registered or required to be registered. The Documentary Requirements are: 1. Duly issued Certificate of Creditable VAT Withheld at Source (BIR Form No. 2307), if applicable 2. Summary Alphalist of Withholding Agents of Income Payments Subjected to Withholding Tax At Source (SAWT), if applicable 3. Duly approved Tax Debit Memo, if applicable 4. Duly approved Tax Credit Certificate, if applicable 5. Authorization letter, if return is filed by authori zed representative. 3. What are the items subject to 12% VAT? Sale, barter, exchange or lease of goods or properties and services in the Philippines and on importation of goods into the Philippines, which are not considered as exempted or zero-rated, are subject to 12% VAT. 4. What are the exempt transactions? VAT-exempt sale is a sale of goods, properties or service and the use or lease of properties which is not subject to output tax and whereby the buyer is not allowed any tax credit or input tax related to such exempt sale. The VAT-exempt sale includes: A.Sale or importation of agricultural and marine food products in their original state, livestock and poultry of a kind generally used as, or yielding or producing foods for human consumption; and breeding stock and genetic materials therefore; B. Sale or importation of fertilizers; seeds, seedlings and fingerlings; fish, prawn, livestock and poultry feeds, including ingredients, whether locally produced or imported, used in the manufacture of finished feeds (except specialty feeds for race horses, fighting cocks, aquarium fish, zoo animals nd other animals considered as pets); C. Importation of personal and household effects belonging to residents of the Philippines returning from abroad and non-resident citizens coming to resettle in the Philippines; Provided, that such goods are exempt from custom duties under the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines; D.Importation of professional instruments and implements, wearing apparel, domestic animals, and personal household effects (except any vehicle, vessel, aircraft, machinery and other goods for use in the manufacture and merchandise of any kind in commercial quantity) belonging to persons coming to settle in the Philippines, for their own use and not for sale, barter or exchange, accompanying such persons, or arriving within ninety (90) days before or after their arrival, upon the production of evidence satisfactory to the Commissioner of Internal Reve nue, that such persons are actually coming to settle in the Philippines and that the change of residence is bonafide; E. Services subject to percentage tax under Title V of the Code, as amended; F. Services by agricultural contract growers and milling for others of palay into rice, corn into grits, and sugar cane into raw sugar; G. Medical, dental, hospital and veterinary services except those rendered by professionals; H.Educational services rendered by private educational institutions duly accredited by the Department of Education (DepED), the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and those rendered by the government educational institutions; I. Services rendered by individuals pursuant to an employer-employee relationship; J. Services rendered by regional or area headquarters established in the Philippines by multinational corporations which act as supervisory, communications and coordinating centers for their a ffiliates, subsidiaries or branches in the Asia-Pacific Region and do not earn or derive income from the Philippines; K. Transactions which are exempt under international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory or under special laws except those granted under P. D. No. 529 – Petroleum Exploration Concessionaires under the Petroleum Act of 1949; L.Sales by agricultural cooperatives duly registered and in good standing with the Cooperative Development Authority (CDA) to their members, as well as of their produce, whether in its original state or processed form, to non-members, their importation of direct farm inputs, machineries and equipment, including spare parts thereof, to be used directly and exclusively in the production and/or processing of their produce; M. Gross receipts from lending activities by credit or multi-purpose cooperatives duly registered and in good standing with the Cooperative Development Authority; N. Sales by non-agricultural, non-electric an d non-credit cooperatives duly registered with and in good standing with CDA; Provided, that the share capital contribution of each member does not exceed Fifteen Thousand Pesos (P15,000. 00) and regardless of the aggregate capital and net surplus ratably distributed among the members; O.Export sales by persons who are not VAT-registered; P. The following sales of real properties are exempt from VAT, namely: * Sale of real properties not primarily held for sale to customers or held for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business; * Sale of real properties utilized for low-cost housing as defined by RA No. 7279, otherwise known as the â€Å"Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992† and other related laws, such as RA No. 7835 and RA No. 8763; * Sale of real properties utilized for specialized housing as defined under RA No. 7279, and other related laws, such as RA No. 7835 and RA No. 8763, wherein price ceiling per unit is P225,000. 0 or as may from time to time be deter mined by the HUDCC and the NEDA and other related laws; * Sale of residential lot valued at One Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P1,500,000. 00) and below, or house and lot and other residential dwellings valued at Two Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P2,500,000. 00) and below where the instrument of sale/ transfer/ disposition was executed on or after July 1, 2005; Provided, that not later than January 31, 2009 and every three (3) years thereafter, the amounts stated herein shall be adjusted to its present value using the Consumer Price Index, as published by the National Statistics Office (NSO); Provided, further, that such adjustment shall be published through revenue regulations to be issued not later than March 31 of each year. Q.Lease of residential units with a monthly rental per unit not exceeding Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000. 00), regardless of the amount of aggregate rentals received by the lessor during the year; Provided, that not later than January 31, 2009 and e very three (3) years thereafter, the amount of P10,000. 00 shall be adjusted to its present value using the Consumer Price Index, as published by the NSO; R. Sale, importation, printing or publication of books and any newspaper, magazine, review or bulletin which appears at regular intervals with fixed prices for subscription and sale and which is not devoted principally to the publication of paid advertisements; S.Sale, importation or lease of passenger or cargo vessels and aircraft, including engine equipment and spare parts thereof for domestic or international transport operations; Provided, that the exemption from VAT on the importation and local purchase of passenger and/or cargo vessels shall be limited to those of one hundred fifty (150) tons and above, including engine and spare parts of said vessels; Provided, further, that the vessels to be imported shall comply with the age limit requirement, at the time of acquisition counted from the date of the vessel's original commi ssioning, as follows: (a) for passenger and/or cargo vessel, the age limit is fifteen (15) years old, (b) for tankers, the age limit is ten (10) year old, and (c) for high-speed passengers crafts, the age limit is five (5) years old; Provided, finally, that exemption shall be subject to the provisions of Section 4 of Republic Act No. 9295, otherwise known as â€Å"The Domestic Shipping Development Act of 2004†; T. Importation of life-saving equipment, safety and rescue equipment and communication and navigational safety equipment, steel plates and other metal plates including marine-grade aluminum plates, used for shipping transport operations; Provided, that the exemption shall be subject to the provisions of Section 4 of Republic Act No. 9295, otherwise known as â€Å"The Domestic Shipping Development Act of 2004†. U.Importation of capital equipment, machinery, spare parts, life-saving and navigational equipment, steel plates and other metal plates including marine-g rade aluminum plates to be used in the construction, repair, renovation or alteration of any merchant marine vessel operated or to be operated in the domestic trade. Provided, that the exemption shall be subject to the provisions of Section 19 of Republic Act No. 9295, otherwise known as the â€Å"The Domestic Shipping Development Act of 2004†. V. Importation of fuel, goods and supplies engaged in international shipping or air transport operations; Provided, that the said fuel, goods and supplies shall be used exclusively or shall pertain to the transport of goods and/or passenger from a port in the Philippines directly to a foreign port, or ice-versa, without docking or stopping at any other port in the Philippines unless the docking or stopping at any other Philippine port is for the purpose of unloading passengers and/or cargoes that originated from abroad, or to load passengers and/or cargoes bound for abroad; Provided, further, that if any portion of such fuel, goods or supplies is used for purposes other than the mentioned in the paragraph, such portion of fuel, goods and supplies shall be subject to 12% VAT; W. Services of banks, non-bank financial intermediaries performing quasi-banking functions, and other non-bank financial intermediaries, such as money changers and pawnshops, subject to percentage tax under Sections 121 and 122, respectively of the Tax Code; and X. Sale or lease of goods or properties or the performance of services other than the transactions mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, the gross annual sales and/or receipts do not exceed the amount of One Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P1,500,000. 00). Provided, that not later than January 31, 2009 and every three (3) years thereafter, the amount of P1,500,000. 0 shall be adjusted to its present value after using the Consumer Price Index, as published by the NSO. 5. What is the zero-rated? Zero-rated sale is a sale, barter or exchange of goods, properties and/or services sub ject to 0% VAT pursuant to Sections 106 (A) (2) and 108 (B) of the Tax Code. It is a taxable transaction for VAT purposes, but shall not result in any output tax. However, the input tax on purchases of goods, properties or services, related to such zero-rated sales, shall be available as tax credit or refund in accordance with RR No. 16-2005. * The following services performed in the Philippines by VAT-registered person shall be subject to zero percent (0%) rate: A.Processing, manufacturing or repacking goods for other persons doing business outside the Philippines which goods are subsequently exported where the services are paid for in acceptable foreign currency and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP); B. Services other than processing, manufacturing or repacking rendered to a person engaged in business conducted outside the Philippines or to a non-resident person engaged in business who is outside the Philippines whe n the services are performed, the consideration for which is paid for in acceptable foreign currency and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP); C.Services rendered to persons or entities whose exemption under special laws or international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory effectively subjects the supply of such services to zero percent (0%) rate; D. Services rendered to persons engaged in international shipping or air transport operations, including leases of property for use thereof; Provided, however, that the services referred to herein shall not pertain to those made to common carriers by air and sea relative to their transport of passengers, goods or cargoes from one place in the Philippines to another place in the Philippines, the same being subject to twelve percent (12%) VAT under Sec. 08 of the Tax Code starting Feb. 1, 2006; E. Services performed by subcontractors and/or contractors in processin g, converting, or manufacturing goods for an enterprise whose export sales exceeds seventy percent (70%) of total annual production; F. Transport of passengers and cargo by domestic air or sea carriers from the Philippines to a foreign country. Gross receipts of international air carriers doing business in the Philippines and international sea carriers doing business in the Philippines are still liable to a percentage tax of three percent (3%) based on their gross receipts as provided for in Sec. 118 of the Tax Code but shall not be liable to VAT; and G.Sale of power or fuel generated through renewable sources of energy such as, but not limited to, biomass, solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal and steam, ocean energy, and other shipping sources using technologies such as fuel cells and hydrogen fuels; Provided, however that zero-rating shall apply strictly to the sale of power or fuel generated through renewable sources of energy, and shall not extend to the sale of services related to the maintenance or operation of plants generating said power . * The following sales by VAT-registered persons shall be subject to zero percent (0%) rate: A. Export sales B. The sale and actual shipment of goods from the Philippines to a foreign country, irrespective of any shipping arrangement that may be agreed upon which may influence or determine the transfer of ownership of the goods so exported, paid in acceptable foreign currency or its equivalent in goods or services, and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP); C.The sale of raw materials or packaging materials to a non-resident buyer for delivery to as resident local export-oriented enterprise to be used in manufacturing, processing, packing or repacking in the Philippines of the said buyer's goods, paid for in acceptable foreign currency, and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the BSP; D. The sale of raw materials or packaging materi als to an export-oriented enterprise whose export sales exceed seventy percent (70%) of total annual production; E. Sale of gold to the BSP; F. Transactions considered export sales under Executive Order No. 226, otherwise known as the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987, and other special laws; and G.The sale of goods, supplies, equipment and fuel to persons engaged in international shipping or international air transport operations; Provided, that the same is limited to goods, supplies, equipment and fuel pertaining to or attributable to the transport of goods and passengers from a port in the Philippines directly to a foreign port, or vice-versa without docking or stopping at any other port in the Philippines unless the docking or stopping at any other Philippine port is for the purpose of unloading passengers and/or cargoes that originated from abroad, or to load passengers and/or cargoes bound for abroad; Provided, further, that if any portion of such fuel, goods or supplies is use d for purposes other than the mentioned in this paragraph, such portion of fuel, goods and supplies shall be subject to twelve percent (12%) output VAT. H. Foreign Currency Denominated Sales I. The sale to a non-resident of goods, except those mentioned in Sections 149 and 150 of the Tax Code, assembled or manufactured in the Philippines for delivery to a resident in the Philippines, paid for in acceptable foreign currency and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the BSP. J. Sales to Persons or Entities Deemed Tax-exempt under Special Law or International Agreement K.Sale of goods or property to persons or entities who are tax-exempt under special laws or international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory, such as, Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), etc. 6. What is the difference between exempt and zero-rated? * Exempted transactions are not subject to output tax and whereby the buyer is not allowed any tax credit or input tax related to such exempt sale; however, Zero-rated transactions, subject to 0% VAT, are taxable transactions for VAT purposes, but shall not result in any output tax. Zero-rated transactions shall be available as tax credit or refund. 7. How do you compute the VAT? On sale of goods and properties – twelve percent (12%) of the gross selling price or gross value in money of the goods or properties sold, bartered or exchanged * On sale of services and use or lease of properties – twelve percent (12%) of gross receipts derived from the sale or exchange of services, including the use or lease of properties * On importation of goods – twelve percent (12%) based on the total value used by the Bureau of Customs in determining tariff and customs duties, plus customs duties, excise taxes, if any, and other charges, such as tax to be paid by the importer prior to the release of such goods from customs custody; provided, that where the customs duties a re determined on the basis of quantity or volume of the goods, the VAT shall be based on the landed cost plus excise taxes, if any. * On export sales and other zero-rated sales – 0% 8. When is the deadline for filing the Value Added Tax return? * Monthly VAT Declarations shall be filed not later than the 20th day following the end of each month. Quarterly Value-Added Tax Return within twenty five (25) days following the close of taxable quarter. Reference: http://www. bir. gov. ph/taxinfo/tax_vat. htm

Social Media and Network Technology

Colleges will need to embrace these new communities in order to keep up with recruitment of the younger generations, student to student interaction, student to professor interaction. Backbone and Linked are some of the internet communities that we will need to embrace to encourage our recruitment and student interaction. Backbone has been around since 2004 and is still growing in popularity. Backbone gives you the availability to send an instant message, an email, post discussions, provide media, and provide detail information.Colleges that have a Backbone page and interact with Backbone has the ability to recruit sophomores and Juniors in high schools not only in the surrounding areas but relied. This ability provides an advantage to have a more diverse student body. For young college students Backbone is a mean they utilize to communicate with other students about the activities going on in the campus. They also use this communication tool to converse about class assignments, organ ization functions, sports, and daily activities.Students who do not live on campus, Backbone allows them to still experience college life and the inclusion of student activities. College professors can also utilize this communication tool to correspond and interact with al students, including students who participate at satellite campuses. The surrounding community will also have the availability to interact with the students because they will be able to show the students the history of the area, and support the college with financial scholarships and the sports arenas.Most of the surrounding community makes up the professors, educators, the educator families and friends. Professors will have the accessibility to be active not only with the students but with the students families as well. As a parent of a college student, I enjoy being able to see what the students are doing, what classes are troublesome, the activities the students are participating in, and when parents can interac t with the student at school.The disadvantages of Backbone include accessibility, lack of personable interaction, lack of social interaction, non-clarifying answers, misunderstandings of context of messages and pictures, invasion of privacy, and possible compromise of security information. Yet, these disadvantages can be kept down to a minimum by the college handbook and the student conduct codes by the dents themselves. Most college's network security will keep secure information safe from any breaches or hacking. Linked will be very beneficial for our graduating students, faculty and local business.This social network will allow for the local and national business to see the types of students we are producing in the workforce. Linked will allow the students to make contacts with others in the corporate field of their choice and possibly encourage the company to reach an agreement with the college on training of their current staff. Our faculty will be able o utilize this social ne twork by seeing what the other colleges are teaching and producing in the coming work force and learn what skills the companies are looking for, and provide those skills to our students.The only down side to Linked will be headhunters from other colleges recruiting our faculty to come and work for them. But we can counter offer our faculty, pay retainer fees, and sign binding contracts with the faculty to keep them from leaving our facility. We will be using the waterfall model for the implementation of a Backbone page and Linked page. The system velveteen life cycle for this process we will need to make sure that all students will have access to the college Wi-If on campus, which we currently have in place all over the campus.Our second phase will include making sure that students and faculty will have accessibility to a computer, which currently we already have in place in the library and common areas. Our third phase of the process will require the college to set up a Backbone an d Linked account and have our IT department to maintain the accounts. Fourth phase of the process will require the college to get the rod out to the students about both pages on the internet and require all of our faculty to friend us on each site.The final phase will be having our IT department to hire someone to maintain both pages for content on the page, the context of the messages on the page and be a monitor for any violation of student conduct codes. The only disadvantage for using these websites, we will not be able to modify the systems. The advantages outweigh the disadvantage immensely because startup cost will be at a bare minimum, and we will still be able to get an idea of how many of our dents are using to communicate with one another by the amount of friend request we receive and the amount of conversation context on the page.

Developing Leadership Character Essays - Human Resource Management

Developing Leadership Character Essays - Human Resource Management Developing Leadership Character by : Mary Crossan , Jeffrey Gandz , Gerard Seijts , Gerard Seijts , Jeffrey Gandz , Gerard Seijts , Jeffrey Gandz Issues: January / February 2012 . The sum of virtues, values and traits equals good character, which, in addition to competence and commitment, is one of the 3 ingredients that make a leader effective and respected. For many, however, virtues, values and traits remain indefinable, even elusive. These authors not only define them, they also de-construct them, in the process demonstrating how character fuels people in their personal journeys to become better leaders. In assessing leaders at any level in an organization, we must always ask three questions: Do they have the competencies to be a leader? Do they have the knowledge, the understanding of key concepts, facts, and relationships that they need to do the job effectively? Do they have the commitmen t to be a leader? Yes, they aspire to be a leader, but are they prepared to do the hard work of leadership, engage with others in fulfilling the organizational mission, achieve the vision and deliver on the goals? Do they have the character to be a good leader and strive to be an even better one? Do they have the values, traits and virtues that others - shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, regulators and the broader society within which they operate - will use to determine if they are good leaders? Figure 1: Leadership Competencies, Character and Commitment We have documented previously the types of knowledge, skills, understanding and judgment that leaders need, grouping them into four competencies - strategic, business, organizational and people [ 1] . Underpinning these competencies is general intellect (see Figure 1). We have also talked elsewhere about the importance of leaders having the commitment to lead and the problems that are caused when people in leadership roles no longer want to do the hard work of leadership and become disengaged from what is happening in the organization, while they still enjoy the status, privileges and perks of office. In this article, we want to focus on leadership character, not because it is necessarily more important than competencies and commitment, but because it is the most difficult to define, measure, assess and develop. Our intent is to define those dimensions of leadership character that are most important in today's rapidly changing and turbulent business environment, an d suggest how character can be developed. Why Character Matters In any bookstore you will find dozens of books on leadership style, far fewer on leadership competencies, and fewer still that address leadership character . [ 2] For some reason we have lost sight of character. Perhaps this is because our educational system and organizations are so competency focused; perhaps because we just don't know what to think about character; perhaps because character seems such an old-fashioned word; perhaps because we are reluctant to discuss examples of poor character with our colleagues in the workplace, or because we believe we cannot assess character objectively. Yet character is such a central, important element of leadership particularly for the kind of cross-enterprise leadership that is essential in complex, global business organizations which it should not and cannot be ignored. Character fundamentally shapes how we engage the world around us, what we notice, what we reinforce, who we engage in conversation, what we value, what we choose to act on, how we decideand the list goes on. Our own research on the failures of leadership points to issues around character as a central theme [ 3] . Nowhere was this more obvious than in the financial crisis of 2008 - 2009, in which boldness or instant gratification triumphed over temperance. People who knew that bad risks were being taken did not have the courage and/or confidence to speak up, and people without integrity sold mortgages to those who could not pay them. They then bundled these mortgages into securities that were fraudulent and sold to others. People with large egos, lacking in humility, oblivious to the harm they may have been be doing to others or the societies in which they operated, became very rich at the expense of millions who were the victims of the financial

Religion, And State Sovereignty Essays - Authority, Sovereignty

Religion, And State Sovereignty Essays - Authority, Sovereignty Religion, and State Sovereignty The influence of religion on humankind can be traced back to the first records of history. Religion has served as a pillar of strength to some and binding chains to others. There are vast amounts of information and anthropological studies revealing the interaction of religion and humankind. However, for the purposes of this paper, the time periods of study will be broken up into three sections. Each section will give a general description of how religion affected the institution of the state and its Sovereignty in a Euro-centric perspective. The first period is the early period, which will encompass from Christianity and the Roman Empire to the Medieval times (approx. 311 to 1100 A.D.). The second period will include the Renaissance, the Reformation to the Treaty of Westphalia (1101 to 1648 A.D.). The third and increment of history will range from 1649 to 1945 A.D. The date 311 A.D. marks the issuing of the "Edict of Toleration" for Christians. This date is important because it symbolizes "national" acceptance of Christianity, and planted its roots as a political institution. Later the Roman Empire on the verge of internal collapse acknowledged the importance of Christianity and used it to hold together the remnants of it former self. This adoption of Christianity took form and eventually became the Catholic church. The church became intermingled with politics and became a strong entity. The policies delivered from the church had more authority than the local rulers and magistrates of the developing feudal system. For example, St. Augustine wrote about war and what justified its enactment against fellow men. This policy was followed and adhered to for hundreds of years after St. Augustine wrote it. Another example, is the use of the Bible as a guideline for establishing governing systems. Scripture portrayed God as choosing the king of the people. The pope, being God's "representative" was then given the authority to crown the king. This crowning process gave the pope large influence in the political arena. This ritual continued for a number of centuries. The Crusades, which occurred around 1100 A.D., played a crucial role in challenging the church's authority. The pope identifying the spread of Islam as evil requested all of Europe embark on a "Crusade" to defeat the infidels. As the battles were fought, great treasures were found in the form of books and knowledge. These books were crude translations of old Greek texts, containing information which would eventually produce the waning of Church authority in the future. The Renaissance marked the beginning of intellectual re-birth. Writers such as Dante, Machiavelli, Guiarccidini, Vitoria, etc., all attempting to reform and some even contest church dominance. Dante in his imaginative work "Inferno" writes of hell which he envision is the pope's final destination. Machiavelli takes a more direct role classifying the actions of a prince to be above morality and ultimately above the Church. He continues the affront by classifying a human character of "virtu" as being completely centered around man (humanism). The Raison D' Tat is supreme especially in terms of the church belligerence. In the middle of the Renaissance, the Church was dealt a deadly blow from which it would never recover. This assault came via Martin Luther. His work, "95 Thesis", marked the beginning of the Reformation. This movement split the church into Catholic and Proteezt sects. It marked the beginning of a bloody period which virtually split Europe in half. Examples of the conflict raged between Proteezts and Catholics from the great slaughter of Proteezts in Paris 1572 A.D. (7000 dead) to the Thirty Years War. With the Church in disarray, freedom was given to the "state" to begin to develop. During this period of Renaissance the political identity was going through a tremendous transformation. This transformation took form in what is called Absolutism. "Princes" began to tolerate less and less manipulation from the church. The political entity in the form of monarchy began to wean itself from the Church for its legitimacy and looked toward its own power. Other writers began to rise and discuss issues of sovereignty and the state. Thomas Hobbes discusses the state and refers to it as "Leviathan" which is the concurring title of his

Nutrition project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nutrition project 2 - Essay Example Write a brief (one-page) summary of your interview. Pay a visit to your favorite fast food restaurant. Ask an employee to provide you with nutritional data on the meal you most commonly order there. Most national fast-food chains make this information available to customers. If it is not available in person, use your Internet access and look online. Some fast food restaurants make this information available on their websites (for example, McDonald’s or Burger King). If it is not available, ask at the restaurant for precise ingredients and serving sizes, and use Appendix A in your textbook to figure out the nutrient profiles yourself. What is the serving size for each item? How many calories in each? How much total fat is in your favorite meal? How much saturated fat is in each item? trans fat? Assume that you consume an average of 2,000 kcal a day. What percentage of your recommended daily fat intake is provided by this single meal? What percentage of your total energy? Go to your local grocery store or health food store and check out the labels of three different brands of â€Å"protein bars.† Try to find similar flavors for each brand (e.g., chocolate, lemon, etc.). For each item, document: Make a chart comparing your findings. Based on your data, rate the bars from most to least nutritious, and provide the rationale for your rating. Finally, calculate the average price of a protein bar. How much protein are you getting for your money? How does this compare with the cost of other â€Å"portable† sources of protein, such as yogurt, prepackaged cheese and crackers, or a peanut butter sandwich? I interviewed a middle-aged lady friend who suffers from Type II Diabetes. She was first diagnosed with the condition three years ago. She found out about her condition after visiting her family doctor following recurrent bouts of feeling sickly. During her check-ups, the doctor tested her blood sugar levels that were high. At first, the diagnosis was

Internship Report Paper ( Mos Kaffee GmbH ) Essay

Internship Report Paper ( Mos Kaffee GmbH ) - Essay Example The organization operates its business functions in Berlin which is supposed to be closely linked with the coffee industry. According to a report published by Euromonitor (2011), Germany has been referred as a coffee drinking nation which has been verified by considering the fact that in the year 2010, the per capita use of coffee in Germany had raised by 150 liters in terms of the total volume. As stated by the German Coffee Association, coffee is regarded as a health drink in Germany. They have also claimed that coffee particularly encourages various psychological related activities and positively supports sporting activities that include fitness and also prevents the occurrences of various diseases such as diabetes. These sort of publicities about the consumption of coffee ultimately posed considerable influence upon the activities of the consumers which were perceived to affect the growth as well as sales of coffee in lieu of both value and volume by a large degree (Euromonitor, 2011). It was in the era of 1670s that the coffee houses and stores were established in Germany. Progressively, the establishment of coffee houses rose considerably and by the year 1777, coffee became a crucial part of the culture of Germany and every city of the country possessed at least one coffee house (Diaz & Pedersen, 2009). It has been observed in this context that the German business market focused upon important aspects which included the awareness for sustainability in the coffee industry along with considering various environmental issues. In relation to the coffee industry, the business market of Germany has been viewed as the main consumer of the organic products. Moreover, the German business market is regarded as the largest importer of coffee in the world. The chief market players in the coffee sector of Germany entail Kraft and Dallmayr Kaffee among others. The first coffee store was established in Berlin in the year 1721 in order to serve superior quality of coffee to the general public as consumers which helped in gradually attaining immense popularity especially in the coffee segment (Tucker, 2011). Mos Kaffee GmbH bought two franchisees of Einstein coffee shop that is regarded as one of the renowned coffee shop chains in Berlin. In order to acquire the franchise permission from Einstein, a cost of â‚ ¬15.000 was incurred and the business organization is required to pay them 4% of their sales volume every month. The business culture of Mos Kaffee GmbH has successfully penetrated in almost every individual part of the German society as the most thriving coffee chain in the nation. The business organization offers high quality coffee to its wide number of customers and intentionally targets the wealthy society in order to attain considerable market share along with gaining competitive position. Gradually, as the business of the organization started to grow, Mos Kaffee GmbH made plans to open two coffee shops especially in Berlin-Mitte and the other one in the Audi-Center located in Germany. The several coffee houses that are available in Berlin apart from Mos Kaffee GmbH include the Cafe Kranzler, Cafe Savigny, Cafe Aedes, Cafe Richler, Cafe Mohring and Wintergarten. The Wintergarten is regarded as the prettiest amongst all the coffee shops that presently exist especially in Ber

Research Methods Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Methods - Annotated Bibliography Example The article is helpful in providing my quest with information on the methods the IT sector relies on and uses as well as the challenges involved. Klein’s publication concentrates on the evaluative research that is done in the IS field. Klein uses the publication a platform to explain some of the needs that are met by conducting research in the information System field and discusses some of the regulations to go by in interpreting the collected information. This article provides the research filed with some of the varying principles that are used in the field in the interpretation of research, in data analysis. Tao, Clark, Gwyn and Lim article is based on the introduction of clickers in technology. The authors discuss the implementation of clickers in various social settings and the resultant effect the clickers had in qualitative analysis. The publication is a representation of how the research methods are implemented in different fields of the human world. In this case, the publication provides resources on what impact of technology has in the field of technology as well as interacting with the real world. Morse, J. M., Barrett, M., Mayan, M., Olson, K., & Spiers, J. Verification Strategies for Establishing Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 1.2(2) (2002). Pdf. The authors in this case discuss some of the challenges that the research field faces. Research and data resulting from the activity is often scrutinized, but this article discusses the various ways in which interpretation of the data collected is done to establish the viability of the process and justify its conduct. The article is a base by which the research field shows susceptibility to flaws. Glass and DeMarco use this chapter to discuss the reasoning between the quantitative and qualitative research

What is a myth Essay Example for Free

What is a myth Essay It is a traditional story based on ancient beliefs of different communities and having supernatural explanations of facts or natural phenomena. The mythical story is related to religious beliefs, for that reason, has a ritual character, ie presents invariable elements and is distinguished by its durability. The purpose of myth is not to entertain, as with the story, but to explain the meaning of life. So there are certain subjects such as the origin of man and the universe, which are treated in the myths of all cultures. The myth responds to a particular way of seeing the world and to explain the phenomena that exist in it. Unlike science, which gives rational and logical explanations to these phenomena, the myth gives explanations mà ³gicas and somewhat fantastic. For this reason, events occur absurd myths, magic solutions exist and appear fabulous characters. The fact that different communities have similar concerns led to the creation of myths about the same phenomena in different cultures. In the myth of Phaeton these aspects are reflected in the following manner: Phenomenon: The origin of deserts and of the black race. Made fantastic: Phaeton driving the chariot of the sun to prove its divine origin. Universality: The phenomenon, how it is explained and the characters are repeated with some different characteristics in myths of other communities. Classification of myths beind coded contents: Cosmogenic: explain the creation of the world. Theogonic: explain the origin of the gods.   Antropogà ³nicos: explain the appearance of man Etiological: explain political, religious and social. Morales: Explain ethical principles opposites like good and evil, angels and demons. Features According to Mircea Eliade, myth is a sacred story that chronicles an event that happened during primeval time, in which the world had not yet stood. The events of the periodically recurring nature are explained as a result of the events narrated in the myth (for example, in Greek mythology the cycle of seasons is explained from the abduction of Persephone). However, not all myths refer to a time first also can address occurring after the origin, but distinguished by their importance and the changes they brought. In the view of Claude Levi-Strauss, structuralist anthropologist, every myth has three characteristics: †¢ This is an existential question concerning the creation of the earth, death, birth and the like. †¢ consists of irreconcilable opposites: creation vs destruction, life against death, gods against men or good vs. evil. †¢ provides the reconciliation of these poles in order to avert our anguish. For its part, the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski argued that no important aspect of life that is alien to the myth. Therefore, there are religious myths (such as the birth of the gods), politicians (such as the founding of Rome) or on particular issues (why corn became the main food of a people, as with the pre-Hispanic peoples of Mexico ). For Malinowski fundamental myths are narratives, while responding to the basic questions of human existence: reason to exist, because of what surrounds it, between otras.Malinowski also clarified that the myth of the order of beliefs and if it is an explanation, not a rational explanation, but cultural. Function of Myth Functions are multiple myths. However, in general, can accept three essential functions: explanatory and pragmatic meaning. The explanatory function refers to the myths explain, justify or develop the origin, purpose and because of some aspect of social or individual, for example, the Greek myth that tells how the world originated from Chaos or Genesis that says the birth of the woman from the rib of a man. The pragmatic function of myth implies that myths are the basis of certain social structures and actions as well, a myth can make a genealogical line and determine who can govern or not. With this feature, specify and justify myths why a situation is in a certain way and not another. The role of meaning refers to that myths are not just stories that provide explanations or political justifications also provide a comfort, calm life goal or individuals, so it is with myths that speak of death, suffering or victory therefore, the myths are stories away from the person, but function a s a handle existential, a motive, according to the American psychoanalyst, Rollo May. The three functions are usually combined steadily. Types of Myths We distinguish several kinds of myths: †¢ cosmogonic myths: attempt to explain the creation of the world. Are the most universally widespread and there is a greater amount. Often, lies the origin of the earth in a primordial ocean. Sometimes, a race of giants, like the Titans, plays a crucial role in this creation, in this case, such giants, which are usually demigods, are the first people on earth. †¢ Myths theogonic: tell the origin of the gods. For example, Athena comes armed from the head of Zeus. †¢ anthropogenic Myths: narrating the appearance of human beings, who can be created from any material, alive (a plant, an animal) or inert (dust, mud, clay, etc..). The gods taught to live on earth. Usually linked to the cosmogonic myths. †¢ Myths etiological explain the origin of beings, things, techniques and institutions. †¢ moral Myths: explain the existence of good and evil. †¢ Foundational Myths: tell how the cities were founded by the will of the gods. An example is the founding of Rome by two twins, Romulus and Remus, who were suckled by a she-wolf. †¢ Myths eschatological: announce the future, the end of the world. They still have wide audience. These myths include two major classes, depending on the element that causes the destruction of the world: water or fire. They are often linked to astrology. The imminent end is announced by a higher frequency of eclipses, earthquakes, and all sorts of natural disasters that terrorize humans. The classic example is the Apocalypse, considered as such by Bertrand Russell.1 Reading literal, allegorical and symbolic While myths appear to have been originally proposed as literally true stories, the dialectic between the worlds mythical explanation and philosophical and scientific development has favored non-literal readings of myth, according to which they should not be subject to belief, but interpretation. Thus the allegorical reading of myths, born in Greece in the Hellenistic period, proposes to interpret the gods as personifications of natural elements. This commitment finds its continuation in later theories, such as widespread in the nineteenth century by Max Mà ¼ller, whereby myths stories stem from misunderstood about the sun, which has been personified, becoming an anthropomorphic (the hero or sun god). Reading symbolic believes the myth contains accurate content, but not on what is apparently, but on the mental contents of its creators and users. Thus, the myth about a god instituted the week to create the world in seven days contains truthful about how society divided the time it was created and which divisions between the inanimate and the animate, the different types of animals and man etc.. Myths also contain useful guidelines for behavior: role models or avoid all known stories with which to relate individual experiences. Modern studies on the myth fall into three basic positions: †¢ the functionalist, developed by the anthropologist Malinowski examines what myths are used in everyday life (behavior reinforcement, argument from authority, etc.). †¢ structuralist, initiated by Levi-Strauss, examines the construction of myths locating contrary or complementary elements that appear in it and how they are related; †¢ the symbolism, which has classical references in Jung, Bachelard and Gilbert Durand, believes that the key element of the myth is a symbol, a tangible item but full of resonance or significance that refers to archetypal contents of the human psyche. (An example is the Child archetype Elder, contradictory figure who appears as a character in appearance or behavior longtime child-like Merlin or a baby or child who is capable of speaking and endowed with vast knowledge, typical of an old-the baby Jesus lecturing to doctors.) Difference between myth and other stories Often myth is often confused with other types of stories as tales, fables and legends. However, are not equal. There are several differences between myth and folk tale: while the stories are presented as fictions, myths are presented as true stories. Function also varies: the myth is essentially etiological (clear how they came to a certain situation, why the sea is salty or man is mortal, for example), while the values ​​transmitted folktale (better skill than strength, good always has its reward, the impostor is always open, etc..). In addition, the plot of the stories is usually simple, while myths are part of a complex, in which each story is connected with the other by recurrent characters, places, etc.. (So, for example, the story of Jason is related to myths about Heracles, as this is one of the Argonauts). The fables myths differ from the characters (those fables are animals human conduct the myths, gods, heroes and monsters) and by function (fables contain a moral message, which usually appears at the end collected of them as moral, while myths are etiological). As for the legends, are presented, as well as myths, like true stories and often have a causal role (used, for example, to explain how a lineage came to power, which underpins its political legitimacy), but Unlike myths, happening in real time, historic places recognized by the listener or reader, and often with real actors (cf. the legends of Charlemagne or El Cid). The same pattern may appear in a myth, a story or legend, depending on how you present the story (true or fictional) and what your role (etiological, educational, entertainment ). Thus, noted how the plot of the Oedipus myth reappears in the medieval legend of Judas Iscariot makes a murderer of his father who marries without knowing his mother.