Research Methods Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Methods - Annotated Bibliography Example The article is helpful in providing my quest with information on the methods the IT sector relies on and uses as well as the challenges involved. Klein’s publication concentrates on the evaluative research that is done in the IS field. Klein uses the publication a platform to explain some of the needs that are met by conducting research in the information System field and discusses some of the regulations to go by in interpreting the collected information. This article provides the research filed with some of the varying principles that are used in the field in the interpretation of research, in data analysis. Tao, Clark, Gwyn and Lim article is based on the introduction of clickers in technology. The authors discuss the implementation of clickers in various social settings and the resultant effect the clickers had in qualitative analysis. The publication is a representation of how the research methods are implemented in different fields of the human world. In this case, the publication provides resources on what impact of technology has in the field of technology as well as interacting with the real world. Morse, J. M., Barrett, M., Mayan, M., Olson, K., & Spiers, J. Verification Strategies for Establishing Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 1.2(2) (2002). Pdf. The authors in this case discuss some of the challenges that the research field faces. Research and data resulting from the activity is often scrutinized, but this article discusses the various ways in which interpretation of the data collected is done to establish the viability of the process and justify its conduct. The article is a base by which the research field shows susceptibility to flaws. Glass and DeMarco use this chapter to discuss the reasoning between the quantitative and qualitative research

What is a myth Essay Example for Free

What is a myth Essay It is a traditional story based on ancient beliefs of different communities and having supernatural explanations of facts or natural phenomena. The mythical story is related to religious beliefs, for that reason, has a ritual character, ie presents invariable elements and is distinguished by its durability. The purpose of myth is not to entertain, as with the story, but to explain the meaning of life. So there are certain subjects such as the origin of man and the universe, which are treated in the myths of all cultures. The myth responds to a particular way of seeing the world and to explain the phenomena that exist in it. Unlike science, which gives rational and logical explanations to these phenomena, the myth gives explanations mà ³gicas and somewhat fantastic. For this reason, events occur absurd myths, magic solutions exist and appear fabulous characters. The fact that different communities have similar concerns led to the creation of myths about the same phenomena in different cultures. In the myth of Phaeton these aspects are reflected in the following manner: Phenomenon: The origin of deserts and of the black race. Made fantastic: Phaeton driving the chariot of the sun to prove its divine origin. Universality: The phenomenon, how it is explained and the characters are repeated with some different characteristics in myths of other communities. Classification of myths beind coded contents: Cosmogenic: explain the creation of the world. Theogonic: explain the origin of the gods.   Antropogà ³nicos: explain the appearance of man Etiological: explain political, religious and social. Morales: Explain ethical principles opposites like good and evil, angels and demons. Features According to Mircea Eliade, myth is a sacred story that chronicles an event that happened during primeval time, in which the world had not yet stood. The events of the periodically recurring nature are explained as a result of the events narrated in the myth (for example, in Greek mythology the cycle of seasons is explained from the abduction of Persephone). However, not all myths refer to a time first also can address occurring after the origin, but distinguished by their importance and the changes they brought. In the view of Claude Levi-Strauss, structuralist anthropologist, every myth has three characteristics: †¢ This is an existential question concerning the creation of the earth, death, birth and the like. †¢ consists of irreconcilable opposites: creation vs destruction, life against death, gods against men or good vs. evil. †¢ provides the reconciliation of these poles in order to avert our anguish. For its part, the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski argued that no important aspect of life that is alien to the myth. Therefore, there are religious myths (such as the birth of the gods), politicians (such as the founding of Rome) or on particular issues (why corn became the main food of a people, as with the pre-Hispanic peoples of Mexico ). For Malinowski fundamental myths are narratives, while responding to the basic questions of human existence: reason to exist, because of what surrounds it, between otras.Malinowski also clarified that the myth of the order of beliefs and if it is an explanation, not a rational explanation, but cultural. Function of Myth Functions are multiple myths. However, in general, can accept three essential functions: explanatory and pragmatic meaning. The explanatory function refers to the myths explain, justify or develop the origin, purpose and because of some aspect of social or individual, for example, the Greek myth that tells how the world originated from Chaos or Genesis that says the birth of the woman from the rib of a man. The pragmatic function of myth implies that myths are the basis of certain social structures and actions as well, a myth can make a genealogical line and determine who can govern or not. With this feature, specify and justify myths why a situation is in a certain way and not another. The role of meaning refers to that myths are not just stories that provide explanations or political justifications also provide a comfort, calm life goal or individuals, so it is with myths that speak of death, suffering or victory therefore, the myths are stories away from the person, but function a s a handle existential, a motive, according to the American psychoanalyst, Rollo May. The three functions are usually combined steadily. Types of Myths We distinguish several kinds of myths: †¢ cosmogonic myths: attempt to explain the creation of the world. Are the most universally widespread and there is a greater amount. Often, lies the origin of the earth in a primordial ocean. Sometimes, a race of giants, like the Titans, plays a crucial role in this creation, in this case, such giants, which are usually demigods, are the first people on earth. †¢ Myths theogonic: tell the origin of the gods. For example, Athena comes armed from the head of Zeus. †¢ anthropogenic Myths: narrating the appearance of human beings, who can be created from any material, alive (a plant, an animal) or inert (dust, mud, clay, etc..). The gods taught to live on earth. Usually linked to the cosmogonic myths. †¢ Myths etiological explain the origin of beings, things, techniques and institutions. †¢ moral Myths: explain the existence of good and evil. †¢ Foundational Myths: tell how the cities were founded by the will of the gods. An example is the founding of Rome by two twins, Romulus and Remus, who were suckled by a she-wolf. †¢ Myths eschatological: announce the future, the end of the world. They still have wide audience. These myths include two major classes, depending on the element that causes the destruction of the world: water or fire. They are often linked to astrology. The imminent end is announced by a higher frequency of eclipses, earthquakes, and all sorts of natural disasters that terrorize humans. The classic example is the Apocalypse, considered as such by Bertrand Russell.1 Reading literal, allegorical and symbolic While myths appear to have been originally proposed as literally true stories, the dialectic between the worlds mythical explanation and philosophical and scientific development has favored non-literal readings of myth, according to which they should not be subject to belief, but interpretation. Thus the allegorical reading of myths, born in Greece in the Hellenistic period, proposes to interpret the gods as personifications of natural elements. This commitment finds its continuation in later theories, such as widespread in the nineteenth century by Max Mà ¼ller, whereby myths stories stem from misunderstood about the sun, which has been personified, becoming an anthropomorphic (the hero or sun god). Reading symbolic believes the myth contains accurate content, but not on what is apparently, but on the mental contents of its creators and users. Thus, the myth about a god instituted the week to create the world in seven days contains truthful about how society divided the time it was created and which divisions between the inanimate and the animate, the different types of animals and man etc.. Myths also contain useful guidelines for behavior: role models or avoid all known stories with which to relate individual experiences. Modern studies on the myth fall into three basic positions: †¢ the functionalist, developed by the anthropologist Malinowski examines what myths are used in everyday life (behavior reinforcement, argument from authority, etc.). †¢ structuralist, initiated by Levi-Strauss, examines the construction of myths locating contrary or complementary elements that appear in it and how they are related; †¢ the symbolism, which has classical references in Jung, Bachelard and Gilbert Durand, believes that the key element of the myth is a symbol, a tangible item but full of resonance or significance that refers to archetypal contents of the human psyche. (An example is the Child archetype Elder, contradictory figure who appears as a character in appearance or behavior longtime child-like Merlin or a baby or child who is capable of speaking and endowed with vast knowledge, typical of an old-the baby Jesus lecturing to doctors.) Difference between myth and other stories Often myth is often confused with other types of stories as tales, fables and legends. However, are not equal. There are several differences between myth and folk tale: while the stories are presented as fictions, myths are presented as true stories. Function also varies: the myth is essentially etiological (clear how they came to a certain situation, why the sea is salty or man is mortal, for example), while the values ​​transmitted folktale (better skill than strength, good always has its reward, the impostor is always open, etc..). In addition, the plot of the stories is usually simple, while myths are part of a complex, in which each story is connected with the other by recurrent characters, places, etc.. (So, for example, the story of Jason is related to myths about Heracles, as this is one of the Argonauts). The fables myths differ from the characters (those fables are animals human conduct the myths, gods, heroes and monsters) and by function (fables contain a moral message, which usually appears at the end collected of them as moral, while myths are etiological). As for the legends, are presented, as well as myths, like true stories and often have a causal role (used, for example, to explain how a lineage came to power, which underpins its political legitimacy), but Unlike myths, happening in real time, historic places recognized by the listener or reader, and often with real actors (cf. the legends of Charlemagne or El Cid). The same pattern may appear in a myth, a story or legend, depending on how you present the story (true or fictional) and what your role (etiological, educational, entertainment ). Thus, noted how the plot of the Oedipus myth reappears in the medieval legend of Judas Iscariot makes a murderer of his father who marries without knowing his mother.

Anaylsis of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell Essay -- To His Coy

This poem has been written in the form of a request to the poet's coy (or shy) mistress, the grant his desire for them to make love. He argues that for to delay makes no sense because 'at my back I always hear/time's winged chariot hurrying along near'. Much of his argument is made through a series of hyperbole (h-p rb-l) A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. Here he is describing how slow they could move to consummate their love if there were no pressure of time. As all Cavalier poets, he supports the statement of "carpe diem", or "seize the day", that is an extension to the Renaissance code of chivalry. Today, the speaker's speech may seem sexist in its attitude toward women and irresponsible in its attitude toward the coy mistress (the speaker doesn't explain how he would seize the day if the woman became pregnant, for example). The mistress would like to postpone sex (theoretically until she and the speaker are married). The speaker wants to consummate their physical relationship now. The poem's speaker is attempting to persuade "His Coy Mistress" to have sex with him. The speaker seems frustrated, impatient, and to feel a sense of urgency in pursuing this goal. Although the rhyme scheme of the poem follows a simple couplet pattern (AA, BB, and so on), two couplets use slant or irregular rhyme, not simply to vary the monotonous pattern but to reinforce the poem's theme. Lines 23 and 24 use the approximate rhyme "lie/eternity"; lines 27 and 28 repeat this irregularity: try/virginity." The poet uses pauses and enjambment (running one line into the next without a pause) to break up the neat pattern that the couplet rhyme scheme ... ...ense of urgency and dread if the man does not get what he wants. Form: couplets 5. Ganges (gnjz) A river of northern India and Bangladesh rising in the Himalayan Mountains 7. Humber: Hull, where Marvell lived as a boy, and which he represented as an M.P. for nearly twenty years from 1659, is on the river Humber. 10. The conversion of the Jews was to take place just before the end of the world. 11. vegetable love: that of his "vegetable'' soul. 29. quaint: elegant, artificial. 34. dew. The original reading is "glew,'' which has been justified as meaning "glow.'' 36. instant: immediate and urgent. 38. amorous (mr-s) 1.Strongly attracted or disposed to love, especially sexual love. 2.Indicative of love or sexual desire: an amorous glance. 3.Of or associated with love: an amorous poem 40. slow-chapp'd: i.e., with slow-devouring jaws.

Blades Corporation Essay

1. If Blades uses call options to hedge its yen payables, should it use the call option with the exercise price of $0.00756 or the call option with the exercise price of $0.00792? Describe the tradeoff. The corporation needs to purchase supplies with foreign currency. To hedge against the possible appreciation of the foreign currency’s value, the corporation can purchase a call option. Both options have to pay a premium for the option. The purchase price or exercise price of option A is $0.00756 plus a premium paid on this respective option of $.0001512 resulting in a total cost of $.0077112 per yen. The purchase or exercise price of option B is $0.00792 plus a premium paid of $.0001134 resulting in a total cost of $.0080334 per yen. Option A is the better option, relatively. Option B has a higher exercise price, though its exercise price is lower, the overall result is a higher amount paid for yen if the option is exercised. If the option is likely not to be exercised, option B is the best choice. The corporation would only have to pay the premium price and not the exercise price. In this case, option B’s premium price is lower. The trade off is between a lower exercise price, higher premium price, option A, that better hedges against the yen if it were to appreciate in value (exercising the option) and a higher exercise price, lower priced premium that reduces cost if the hedge does not appreciate in value (the option is not exercised). 2.Should Blades allow its yen position to be unhedged? Describe the tradeoff. The case stated that â€Å"the futures price on yen has historically exhibited a slight discount from the existing spot rate†. In this case, the exercise price of the option may be higher relative to the future spot rate encouraging the investor to let the option expire. If the option were to expire the corporation would still have to pay the premium and any other non-exercise costs. An unhedged position might be the best position if this were to occur because there would be no premium charges. The disadvantage to an unhedged position is that if the exercise price of the option were to be ‘in the money’, the spot exchange rate is greater than the exercise price, there would be no hedged stance against the yens appreciated value causing a higher cost to the foreign currency payable. Chap 6 1.Did the intervention effort by the Thai government constitute direct or indirect intervention? Explain. The Thai government is trying to smooth exchange rate movements by encouraging appreciation of its currency through direct intervention. It is exchanging foreign currencies for its home currency in the exchange market, this will put upward pressure on home currency. Specifically, the Thai government swapped baht reserves for dollar reserves at other central banks and then used its dollar reserves to purchase the baht in the foreign exchange market. 2.Did the intervention by the Thai government constitute sterilized or non sterilized intervention? What is the difference between the two types of intervention? Which type do you think would be more effective in increasing the value of the baht? Why? (Hint: Think about the effect of nonsterilized intervention on U.S. interest rates.) The intervention of the Thai government is an example nonsterilized intervention because the Thai government did not simultaneously engage in offsetting the described transactions in the securities market. This would have resulted in the net money supply to be unchanged. Both interventions will achieve the same exchange of currency in the exchange market but sterilized intervention requires another transaction to prevent adjustments in the money supply. An increase in money supply, as would be the effect in nonsterilized intervention, would cause home interest rates to drop and makes more money available for consumers to borrow from banks. Investors may transfer funds to foreign countries, the US, to take advantage of higher interest rates. This will increase the demand for US currency. The purchase of foreign-currency bonds leads to an increase of home currency money supply and results in a decrease in the exchange rate. The sterilized intervention is expected to have little effect on home interest rates because the money supply is expected to remain constant. As far as effecting interest rates nonsterilized intervention appears to be the better option. Chap 8 1.What is the relationship between the exchange rates and relative inflation levels of the two countries? How will this relationship affect Blades’ Thai revenue and costs given that the baht is freely floating? What is the net effect of this relationship on Blades? Thailand’s relative inflation rates have increased. This would cause the demand for baht currency to decline because exports have declined due to increasing prices. Exchange rate adjustments are critical to keeping relative purchasing power equal over time as inflation rate differentials fluctuate. When purchasing power is not equal consumers will move to cheaper alternatives. Since products are on a fixed price level they are not adjusted for Thailand’s inflation increases. There will be an increased demand for Blades exports by Thailand’s retailers and consumers because these products have not been adjusted for inflation. They are the cheaper alternative comparable domestic goods. According to purchasing power parity (PPP) equilibrium exchange rate will adjust by the same amount as the differential in inflation rates between two countries, however, there are often deviations from this theory. Thailand uses a free floating exchange rate where a currency’s value is able to fluctuate according to the foreign exchange market. Since Thailand is experiencing a higher level of inflation there is an increase in demand for foreign goods. Additionally, the demand for home goods is reduced. US currency will appreciate due to these market forces. The demand for Blades products will increase but the foreign currency purchasing these products has depreciated in value. This depreciation in Thailand’s currency causes a reduction in costs denominated in baht. US currency has appreciated, relatively. The net effect on Blades would be positive provided that the loss in the foreign currency’s value was offset by increased demand and reduced foreign costs. The magnitude of the cost/benefit ;however, is not clear. Chap 10 1.What type(s) of exposure (i.e., transaction, economic, or translation exposure) is Blades subject to? Why? Blades is subject to transaction exposure, the sensitivity of the firm’s contractual transactions in foreign currencies to exchange rate movements. The net cash flows need to be evaluated by each foreign transaction. First, cash inflows from the sale of goods and cash outflows from the purchase of components result in a positive cash flow. This cash flow is subject to a range of possible exchange rate fluctuations. Appreciation in the value of the foreign currency that caused a net positive cash inflow is viewed as favorable for the MNC. Japanese components imported and other foreign imports are also subject to exchange rate movements. Blades is also subject to economic exposure, the sensitivity of cash flows to exchange rate movements. Appreciation of a local currency would reduce cash inflows and outflows. Finally, Blades is subject to translational exposure. Components are imported from foreign subsidiaries, this could expose the MNC to different accounting practices biasin g cash flows relative to US accounting principles. 3.If Blades does not enter into the agreement with the British firm and continues to export to Thailand and import from Thailand and Japan, do you think the increased correlations between the Japanese yen and the Thai baht will increase or decrease Blades’ transaction exposure? If Japan was primarily used for export, as a result negative cash flows, this position would offset the positive net cash flow incurred by Thailand’s import and export. Since the currencies move in the same direction, a depreciation in currency would have a negative effect on positive cash flows and a favorable affect on negative cash flows. This interaction will help to offset exchange rate fluctuations and effectively reduce transaction exposure. On the other hand, if Blades has a positive net cash flow from the export and import of these highly correlated currencies, Japanese yen and Thai baht, Blades may be exposed to a relatively high level of exchange rate risk. This would increase transaction exposure. This result is due to the fact the currencies are positively correlated as a result the values of the currencies move in the same direction and by a similar amount. This would mean exchange rate effects would not be offset between the currencies if both currencies resulte d in positive cash inflows. 4.Do you think Blades should import components from Japan to reduce its net transaction exposure in the long run? Why or why not? Yes, as discussed above, components imported from Japan, resulting in a negative net cash flow (cash outflow), will help to offset the positive cash flow from exports to Thailand. Since the yen and baht are positively correlated the opposing direction of cash flows between these currencies will help to offset the net currencies fluctuation in value. This helps offset transaction exposure effects because payables and receivable interact in an inverse relationship toward exchange rate benefits.

High school Essay

Tamil Nadu is regarded to be one of India’s star performers in the sector of elementary education. The results of the 2001 Census show that Tamil Nadu has attained third position behind Kerala and Maharashtra both in terms of overall and female literacy. It recorded close to 100 per cent gross enrolment ratio (GER) at primary and upper primary levels based on 2007 estimates. A major legislative effort for the universalisation of education in line with the constitutional mandate has been the introduction of the Tamil Nadu Compulsory Education Act, 1994. Under this Act it is the duty of the government to provide the necessary infrastructure (schools and teachers) for ensuring universalisation of elementary education. Parents are also liable to be fined if they do not send their wards to school, though this rule is not very strictly enforced as most of the children not going to school come from poor backgrounds. Tamil Nadu’s high enrolment statistics are also the result of the number of welfare schemes that the State government has introduced in the elementary education sector. The large number of missionary and private schools are also playing a role in the spread of education. The government provides textbooks, uniforms and noon meals to the pupils making it a State where the per child spending is much higher than in educationally backward States such as Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and others and is higher than the all-India average. The State is making an endeavor to provide primary schools within a one km radius of human habitations with a population of 300 and above to increase their accessibility. It is also a State that has actually spent most of the funds allocated to it by the Centre under the SSA scheme, in contrast to States like UP, Bihar and Assam that have huge unspent amounts. Tamil Nadu students stood first in the country in mathematics, language and reading comprehension skills according to the national mid-term achievement survey of Class III children commissioned by the NCERT in collaboration with the MHRD and the SCERT and SSA wings of the States recently. But it has come to light that local bodies like corporations and municipalities are not fully utilizing money collected as education tax as a percentage of property tax under the Tamil Nadu Elementary Education Act and this is affecting the quality and quantity of formal education provision at the grassroots level. While the general literacy rate in Tamil Nadu as per 2001 data is 73. 5%, wide disparities exist across districts, gender, and area of residence as well as social grouping. The literacy rate of the SC and ST populations are consistently lower in all the districts. The retention rate within and after the primary school level is also not very impressive and there is a high percentage of repeaters. This is particularly so in the case of the STs and SCs. It is to overcome this discrepancy between education offered in different kinds of schools, between rural and urban schools and to overcome other numerous ills that have crept into the education system—such as arbitrary collection of fees, induction of daily waged, inadequately qualified para teachers, rote learning, examination stress, problems related to the medium of instruction and so on—that the State government constituted the Muthukumaran Committee, which submitted its report in 2007. This committee had the mandate to work out a framework of a uniform pattern of education in Tamil Nadu and to make recommendations for improving its quality. The report of the Committee recommends only one autonomous board, The Tamil Nadu State Secondary School Education Board, instead of the existing four State level boards—Matriculation, Anglo-Indian, Oriental and State Board. Schools coming under this integrated Board would follow a common syllabus ensuring an equitable school education in the State not conferring any undue advantages with regard to admission into higher educational institutions for students completing their school education from one particular Board. Equitable standard education is to be provided by a Common School or Neighbourhood School system, which with uniform syllabi would help to ‘decommercialise’ educational institutions and put an end to many a private management that does not feel sufficiently accountable to society in this crucial sector. The spiraling cost of education starting at the nursery level is cementing caste-class and rural-urban divisions. A common school system using the mother tongue as a medium of instruction would make equal education accessible to all without discrimination. A common school system also means a common examination pattern. The report of the Committee advocates a reasonable teacher-student ratio of not more than 1:30 and doing away with faulty textbooks and a system of rote learning. It emphasizes the promotion of analytical and rational skills that would equip the students to learn by themselves; a testing and evaluation pattern that involves the application of concepts learnt rather than mere reproduction of facts. The school syllabus should not overload students with information but instead kindle their interest in the subject and teach them how to search for more information and conceptualize it. Traditional knowledge should be incorporated and made part of school education. Evaluation should be comprehensive and not just of academic achievements, and that too only marks based. Evaluation should include an assessment of student abilities and performance in academics, the arts, sports and games, values, reading habits, character, conduct and other extra-curricular activities. Schools should not only lay emphasis on academic subjects but also on moral education. Here the Committee suggests that it may be better to have a progress book with entries made from time to time and also periodically sent to the parents so that they may be made aware of their child’s progress. Regular consultation with parents about their wards’ progress and achievements and educational goals is a must. A sheet of paper containing marks obtained in public exams is not enough to understand a student’s development and potential. If the marks obtained in only one exam are going to decide the person’s admission into an institute of higher learning then all stress is on preparing for this exam neglecting other exams and activities. The chance or temptation to indulge in malpractices is also high. Marks obtained in a one-time exam also are no accurate reflection of the student’s actual knowledge and achievement level and potential. Treating exams and marks as more important than life itself has meant the death of many a student. Finally, children belonging to linguistic minorities should be allowed to gain instruction in their respective mother tongue, while all students in standards 5 or 8 ought to have a specific level of knowledge in Tamil and English so that these languages can be used for communication. No student should be dropped and he/she should be allowed to grow in the chosen field of interest and in accordance with their individual capability. A simple pass or fail should certainly not be a deciding factor in a person’s life. While the government has accepted the notion of one board for school education other major recommendations of the Muthukumaran Committee on education reforms are being sidelined by the State government. In fact, some government run schools are changing the medium of instruction to English and not all schools teach Tamil, though this is compulsory as per current State education law. Moreover, schools with an eye on the results in board exams and aiming at future lucrative career possibilities for their students are introducing modern European languages like French (German is waiting to be introduced on a larger scale on the school level) that are supposedly high scoring subjects in comparison to Tamil, which is seen to be difficult even by those whose mother tongue it is. There is almost everywhere an exodus from government run schools to aided or private schools because of the perceived better quality and the lure of an English medium education, which is regarded by parents to be necessary in today’s world. It is to remain viable and not lose out in this competition for students that government run schools are increasingly offering English medium instruction also, although the English medium sections are permitted only on a self-financing basis. The non-acceptance of important recommendations by the Muthukumaran committee is thus in line with the general pro-globalisation trend in the Tamil Nadu economy as a whole. Current education system Why is India still a developing country and what is stopping it from being a developed country? India’s education system as a stumbling block towards its objectives of achieving inclusive growth. India is going to experience a paradox of nearly 90 million people joining the workforce but most of them will lack requiste skills and the mindset for productiveemployment according to a report in DNA. India has about 550 million people under the age of 25 years out of which only 11% are enrolled in tertiary institutions compared to the world average of 23%. . I will be focussing on how the education system’s failure is leading to another social issue of income inequality and hence, suggest certain policies to improve India’s education system and reduce inequality. Problems and drawbacks The really critical aspect of Indian public education system is its low quality. The actual quantity of schooling that children experience and the quality of teaching they receive are extremely insufficient ingovernment schools. A common feature in all government schools is the poor quality of education, with weak infrastructure and inadequate pedagogic attention. What the government is not realising right now is that education which is a source of human capital can create wide income inequalities. It will be surprising to see how income inequalities are created within the same group of educated peopleSo if the government does not improve education system particularly in rural areas the rich will become richer and the poor will get poorer. Hence, it is imperative for the government to correct the blemishes in India’s education system which will also be a step towards reducing income inequality. Another reason for poor quality of education is the poor quality of teachers in government schools . Government schools are unable to attract good quality teachers due to inadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. The government currently spends only 3% of its GDP on education which is inadequate and insufficient. To improve the quality of education , the government needs to spend more money from its coffers on education. Most economists feel that the only panacea to the ills of the public schooling system is the voucher scheme. Under the voucher system, parents are allowed to choose a school for their children and they get full or partial reimbursement for the expenses from the government. But however, the voucher system will further aggravate the problem of poor quality of education in government schools. Such a system will shift resources from government schools to private schools. This will worsen the situation of government schools which are already under-funded. Moreover, if the same amount given as vouchers can be used to build infrastructure in schools then the government can realize economies of scale. For example- The centre for civil society is providing vouchers worth Rs 4000 per annum to 308 girls. This means that the total amount of money given as vouchers is Rs 1232000. If the same amount can be used to construct a school and employ high quality teachers who are paid well then a larger section of the society will enjoy the benefit of education. A school can definitely accommodate a minimum of 1000 students. I hope government takes certain appropriate policy measures to improve the education system otherwise inequalities are going to be widespread and India’s basic capabilities will remain stunted. Let us strengthen the case for a stronger education system. Conclusion Certain policy measures need to be taken by the government. The basic thrust of government education spending today must surely be to ensure that all children have access to government schools and to raise the quality of education in those schools. One of the ways in which the problem of poor quality of education can be tackled is through common schooling. This essentially means sharing of resources between private and public schools. Shift system is one of the ways through which common schooling can be achieved. The private school can use the resources during the first half of the day and the government school can use it during the second half. It is important to remember that the quality of education is directly linked to the resources available and it is important for the government to improve resource allocation to bring about qualitative changes in the field of education. Common schooling is one of the ways in which government can use limited resources in an efficient way and thus improve resource allocation.

The Students Media Board Organization Leadership Model

The Students Media Board Organization Leadership Model The Students Media Board (SMB) is an organization that directs various units important to achieving success of the Washington State University Vancouver media outlets. The organization oversees three student-operated media groups: the KOUG radio, the VanCougar bi-monthly newsletter, and the Salmon Creek Journal (an annual literary arts journal. As an organization, SMB demonstrates various traits in terms of organizational factors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Students Media Board Organization Leadership Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Every organization is characterized by a leadership model. Leadership involves influencing the staff to take part in achieving the organizational objectives. There are different theories explaining leadership styles, which include; first is the trait theory. This theory holds that there are personality characteristics that distinguish leaders from the followers. There is a mental demonstration of the characteristics and mode of conduct shown by the leaders. Looking at SMB, it is led by an Executive Board that is made up of a team of four volunteer students and the Students Involvement Manager. The main function of the leadership board is to coordinate efforts and expand media resources. The second leadership theory is behavioral style. This theory requires that a leader should create mutual respect and trust among followers and also initiate an organizational structure that organizes and defines what team members are expected to do. A leader’s behavior should be systematically molded and improved, since there is no single ultimate leadership style, thus it is important to determine when to exhibit certain traits. Thirdly is the situational theory, which argues that a leader’s style should be consistent with the situation at the moment. It refers to how well the leader is in charge and can manage the work environment at hand. Situation al theory can take three dimensions: leader-member relations where the leader has the support and trust of the team; work structure; and position power of the leader, which includes the extent to which the leader can sanction, compel and reward the work team. Hershey and Blanchard propose that efficient leadership behavior is influenced by the alertness of the followers, the ability to complete a given duty. Another model is the path-goal theory which defines how leader’s effectiveness is impacted by the interaction between directive, supportive, participative and results-oriented styles. There are contingency factors that affect the aptness of a leader’s behavior. The SMB board is in charge of implementing problem solutions from the top authority.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is transactional leadership which aims to clarify the employeeâ₠¬â„¢s tasks and provide reward according to achievement. This model of leadership can be distinguished from transformational leadership, which focuses on changing employee’s attitudes to pursue the organization’s objectives over self interest. Transformational leadership involves increasing intrinsic motivation and objective pursuit, idealizing influence, individualizing consideration, and by intellectual stimulation. Good leaders are expected to be both transformational and transactional so as to impact on the team dynamics and team-level results, while employees are more transactional than transformational. There is the leader-member exchange model, which assumes that the quality of relations between the leaders and the employees is more vital than the traits of either the leaders or followers. Leaders are encouraged to create high performance expectations of their direct reports but not to enable homogeneous work conditions. Just like any other organization, SMB ha s an objective which is to provide educational opportunities to the campus media teams and their development. Due to its organizational structure created by the leadership, SMB is able to achieve new and lucrative inventions that one cannot be achieved individually. Another role of the leadership team of SMB is to introduce and train new recruits in the organization to achieve success of their goals and pursue a person’s need for affiliation.

Nelson Mandela essays

Nelson Mandela essays Nelson Mandela has done a lot in the areas of Abolishing Apartheid in South Africa as well as helping in the fight against the AIDS epidemic. This paper hopes to explore Mandelas life as well as the ways in which he has worked to accomplish all the things hes done. Rolihlahla Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in Transkei province in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. He is one of the thirteen children his fathers four wives birthed. Mandela was born into the Madiba tribe which is part of the Thembu people. Nelson comes from a past of royal ancestors. His father was a respected counselor to the Thembu royal family, and his great-grandfather was a King. Nelson was given this English name by his teacher on his first day of school. Nelson continued on with school and received good education when he decided to enter Fort Hare University. He only completed two years there before he decided to leave in order to avoid a marriage arranged for him by his guardian, Chief Jongintaba. Mandela eventually earned his B.A. and enrolled in law school. After law school Mandela joined an organization called the African National Congress. This organization was founded in 1918 in order to promote black freedom. However, Mandela found this Organization to be progressing too slowly, so he, as well as Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu formed the African National Congress Youth League. This more youthful, more eager group of individuals fought a harder battle. They made it more verbal that they wanted change, and they rallied actively to try and get their goal accomplished. In 1948 a new system of law arose. The law called Apartheid, or apartness, was a political system based solely on racial discrimination. This new system was brought to power by Daniel Malan and the African National Party which was made mostly of whites who wanted to strip all blacks of any freedom. The year after Apartheid was implemented Mandel...

Achilles - Profile of the Greek Hero of the Trojan War

Achilles - Profile of the Greek Hero of the Trojan War Achilles is the quintessentially heroic subject of Homers great poem of adventure and war, the Iliad. Achilles was the greatest of the warriors famed for his swiftness on the Greek (Achaean) side during the Trojan War, directly competing with Troys warrior hero Hector. Achilles is perhaps most famous for being imperfectly invulnerable, a detail of his exciting and mythical life known as the Achilles Heel that is described elsewhere. Achilles Birth Achilles mother was the nymph Thetis, who had early attracted the wandering eyes of both Zeus and Poseidon. The two gods lost interest after the mischievous Titan Prometheus revealed a prophecy about the future son of Thetis: he was destined to be greater and stronger than his father. Neither Zeus nor Poseidon was willing to risk losing his position in the pantheon, so they turned their attention elsewhere, and Thetis ended up married to a mere mortal. With Zeus and Poseidon no longer in the picture, Thetis married King Peleus, a son of the King of Aegina. Their life together, although short-lived, produced the child Achilles. As was true for the most famous of the ancient heroes of Greek myth and legend, Achilles was raised by the centaur Chiron and taught at a school of heroes by Phoenix. Achilles at Troy As an adult, Achilles became part of the Achaean (Greek) forces during the ten long years of the Trojan War, which, according to legend was fought over the much-courted  Helen of Troy, who had been kidnapped from her Spartan husband Menelaus by Paris, the Prince of Troy. The leader of the Achaeans (Greeks) was Helens (first) brother-in-law Agamemnon, who led the Achaeans to Troy to win her back. Proud and autocratic, Agamemnon antagonized Achilles, causing Achilles to leave the battle. Furthermore, Achilles has been told by his mother that he would have one of two fortunes: he could fight at Troy, die young and achieve everlasting fame, or he could choose to return to Phthia where he would live a long life, but be forgotten. Like any good Greek hero, Achilles first chose fame and glory, but Agamemnons arrogance was too much for him, and he headed home. Getting Achilles Back to Troy Other Greek leaders argued with Agamemnon, saying Achilles was too powerful a warrior to be left out of the battle. Several books of the Iliad are dedicated to the negotiations to get Achilles back into battle. These books describe long conversations among Agamemnon and his diplomatic team including Achilles old teacher Phoenix, and his friends and fellow warriors Odysseus and Ajax, pleading with Achilles to get him to fight. Odysseus offered gifts, news that the war was not going well and that Hector was a danger that only Achilles should kill. Phoenix reminisced about Achilles heroic education, playing on his emotions; and Ajax upbraided Achilles for not supporting his friends and companions in the fray. But Achilles remained adamant: he would not fight for Agamemnon. Patroclus and Hector After he left the conflict at Troy, Achilles urged one of his closest friends Patroclus, to go fight in Troy, offering his armor. Patroclus donned Achilless armorexcept for his ash spear, which only Achilles could wieldand went into battle as a direct substitute (what Nickel refers to as doublet) for Achilles. And at Troy, Patroclus was killed by Hector, the greatest warrior on the Trojan side. Upon word of the death of Patroclus, Achilles finally agreed to fight with the Greeks. As the story goes, an enraged Achilles put on the armor and killed Hectorsignificantly with the ash speardirectly outside of the gates of Troy, and then dishonored Hectors body by dragging it around tied to the back of a chariot for nine consecutive days. It is said that the gods kept Hectors corpse miraculously sound during this nine-day period. Eventually, Hectors father, King Priam of Troy, appealed to the better nature of Achilles and persuaded him to return Hectors corpse to his family in Troy for proper funeral rites. The Death of Achilles The death of Achilles was inflicted by an arrow that was shot directly into his vulnerable heel. That story isnt in the Iliad, but you can read about how Achilles obtained his less-than-perfect heel. Edited and updated by  K. Kris Hirst Sources and Further Information Avery HC. 1998. Achilles Third Father. Hermes 126(4):389-397.Burgess J. 1995. Achilles Heel: The Death of Achilles in Ancient Myth. Classical Antiquity 14(2):217-244.Nickel R. 2002. Euphorbus and the Death of Achilles. Phoenix 56(3/4):215-233.Sale W. 1963. Achilles and Heroic Values. Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics 2(3):86-100.Scodel R. 1989. The Word of Achilles. Classical Philology 84(2):91-99.

What are the major barriers to effective global governance in the Essay

What are the major barriers to effective global governance in the international system Explain your answer by using at least two analytical approaches introduced in the block and at least one case study - Essay Example To this end, The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) was initiated in 2007. This paper examines two approaches the global community has resorted to in the fight against nuclear weapons and the challenges faced thereof. Today, nine countries are in possession of over 16,000 nuclear weapons (Adamsk, 2014, p. 91-134). These are the United States, the United Kingdom and Russia among others. The United States and Russia alone have about 1,800 of their nuclear weapons on high alert. This means that that the weapons are ready for launching within few minutes of the declaration of war. Many of these weapons are several times more powerful than the atomic bombs America detonated on Japan in 1945. The most certain way of eliminating the dangers nuclear weapons pose to humanity is for the world’s nuclear powers to disarm(Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, n.d, p.51-80.). The leaders of some nuclear powers have uttered their support for the eradication of nuclear weapons. However, none of them has unveiled an elaborate plan for the elimination of their arsenals. Instead, they are in the process of modernizing them. Nuclear weapons possess massive power to destroy human life and the environment(Tannenwald, 2006, p. 677). When detonated, they release colossal amounts of energy in the forms of radiation, heat and blast. No amount of humanitarian assistance would be sufficient to handle the damage caused by a nuclear weapon. A regional war in which about a hundred nuclear weapons the size of the Hiroshima atomic bomb were used would result in the immediate death of tens of millions of people. Moreover, the war would alter the global climate so grossly that over a billion people would starve. Based on these facts, the international community swung into action to eliminate these lethal weapons. This paper examines two approaches that have been employed for this purpose and the challenges encountered in each. There are two broad approaches to

Reflecting imaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflecting imaging - Essay Example Cameras form the central part in understanding the image formation processes. The analogue forms the start of modern imagery with components remaining the same over the years. The principle of using reflected light from the object still forms the integral part in image formation. Some cameras such as those used at night in infrared radiation detection are one of the few types that do not use the same principle of reflection target object. Significant similarity between human eyes and digital cameras is very clear. Capturing, storage and display of the images has improved overtime with current images store in data form and displayed on the camera.in the article, an explanation of digitisation and the processes involved such as quantisation and sampling has remained elaborated. The article further explains terms and problems associated with this digitisation. Imaging is a form of visual representation of an object or reproduction of the same visual object. Reflection is the property of waves changing direction by bouncing off the surface of object as they cannot pass through or get absorbed. The bouncing of light is the most common and it is important in image formation even to human eyes. Reflected light imaging is the process of forming images when electro-optical waves bounce from the target to the camera or recording device. However, transmission imaging involves waves passing through the object before reaching the camera or recording device. In this imaging technique, the images produced depend on the absorption and reflective properties of the object at the specific wavelength of the incident light. Classification of images leads to an image being a digital or analogue image based their properties. Digital image relates to visual illustration of an object in an electronic form that can remains manipulated and stored by electronic devices, which are 2D image I[r, c]. These kinds of images are tangible but have

Tennessee WilliamsCat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tennessee WilliamsCat on a Hot Tin Roof - Essay Example The author develops a series of both intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts, which sustains the story to completion. The plot begins with the Brick trying to recapture his glory days as an athlete. He is in a drunken state and therefore loses his control and fall thus obtaining an injury that leaves him dependent on crutches. This depicts underlying conflicts in the life of the play’s main character. The scene reveals his dissatisfaction with his marriage a major trend that compels him to alcoholism. Meanwhile, Big Daddy, Brick’s father, is being discharged from the hospital and the event coincide with his sixty-fifth birthday thus prompting his extended family to organize him a grand birthday party. The grand birthday become s major issue in the play as every character becomes absorbed in the organization thus concealing the underlying differences among the characters. The author does not develop a tragedy in the story; he appreciates the difference among the character but simply develops conflicts from such. The author strives to maintain a jovial mood in the play with the characters enjoying themselves. At first is Brick having a fun moment on the track trying to relive his high school years then the scenes shift to the organization of the grand birthday party for Big Daddy. The party is a great success and manages to conceal the disease the old man is suffering from. By covering the disease in deceit, the characters seek to maintain the jovial mood of the play, which is unlike in tragedies where characters live sorrowful lives. The conspiracy is revealed and the entire family later learns that Big Daddy is suffering from cancer. The news depresses the family for a while but they eventually heal. In fact, the news compels Brick to reconcile with his father thus solving their differences. By reconciling their differences, the two characters liven the mod of the play

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 53

Journal - Essay Example There has been an increase in cyber bullying and computer harassment, raising concerns among the public. As a result, measures to put to an end these unethical practices have been put in place in order to protect individuals’ rights and freedoms (Laudon & Traver, 2012). For instance, there has been institution of anti-harassment regulations by workplaces, schools, social working sites, and internet service providers among others in order to prevent cyber bullying and harassment. The use of websites has become popular in technical organizations, helping in communication within an organization. Websites have been designed by scientists and engineers in various fields in order to ease operations in an organization, and also to ensure global expansion of business operations. A website constitutes of correlated webpages that have been connected in to an entire document. These documents used by individuals in grasping information concerning a certain organization. People read through the website from one type information to the other visually, or by scanning. There are various features of a website that include home page, page, note page, site maps, search engines, linking, and navigation bar among others (Laudon & Traver, 2012). As a result, websites have played an imperative role in ensuring efficiency in

Fate of Freewill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fate of Freewill - Essay Example The text explores a variety of themes, including fate vs. free will, as well as religious concerns related to Anglo-Saxon belief and Christian ideology. This essay examines these themes and argues that they demonstrate Beowulf is a text that embraces free will most firmly. Fate and free both play prominent roles in Beowulf. Ostensibly, the poem embraces the notion of fate. In these regards, the poet indicates that God controls the characters’ actions. The poem states, â€Å"Fate goes ever as fate must† (31). This statement refers to the notion of fate as dictating the lives and actions of the main characters. While the epic poem ostensibly embraces fate, in other instances, it seems to adopt an epistemological outlook that indicates the characters are responsible for their actions. One considers that the poem states, â€Å"And a young prince must be prudent like that, giving freely while his father lives so that afterwards in age when fighting starts steadfast companions will stand by him and hold the line. Behavior that’s admired is the path to power among people everywhere† (20-25). This statement considers the nature of behavior in warrior society. The emphasis on behavior is a clear embracement of the notion of human fr ee will. Ultimately, both fate and free will are exemplified in the poem. Beowulf also explores Anglo-Saxon and Christian religious ideology. The contrasting position of religious ideology and Anglo-Saxon belief in the story seems to indicate that the text most comprehensively embraces free will. Christian ideology is a prominent part of the text, as God is viewed as overseeing the action in the story. Additionally, the importance of being humble is viewed as deriving from Christian ideology. In this way, Christian ideology is woven into the very fabric of the text. In addition to these elements, however, Anglo-Saxon elements are considered that at times are not

Global Context of Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Context of Business - Assignment Example iii) Devaluation of domestic currency and thus a fall in profitability of investment ventures. This might restrain many potential investors from pouring their funds in the afflicted nation which can adversely affect the economic growth process. B) Unemployment rate is measured as the percentage of unemployed people in the total labor force. Discouraged workers and people not seeking jobs though belonging to an age group above 16 are not included in the labor force. In the present case, the total labor force comprises of 110 million people and the number of people employed among them is 90 million. This leaves a total of 20 million people jobless, in the total workforce. Thus, the rate of unemployment in the nation is, 3. In economics, domestic aggregate demand is treated at par with the real GDP of an economy. There are three primary sources which sum up to give the aggregate demand in an economy, viz., consumption expenditure, investment expenditure and government expenditure. A fall in any one of the three factors will lead to a fall in total domestic demand and hence the resultant GDP will be affected accordingly When the government decided to implement tax cuts, it led to a rise in the disposable income and an inferred rise in the amount of consumption expenditure. However there was a simultaneous shortfall in the availability of government’s resources to meet its expenses, so that the proportion of government expenditure in aggregate demand depreciated. A rise in one component accompanied by a fall in another left the aggregate demand as well as the real GDP unchanged. With no changes in the domestic money supply, the general price continued at the same level.

Fate of Freewill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fate of Freewill - Essay Example The text explores a variety of themes, including fate vs. free will, as well as religious concerns related to Anglo-Saxon belief and Christian ideology. This essay examines these themes and argues that they demonstrate Beowulf is a text that embraces free will most firmly. Fate and free both play prominent roles in Beowulf. Ostensibly, the poem embraces the notion of fate. In these regards, the poet indicates that God controls the characters’ actions. The poem states, â€Å"Fate goes ever as fate must† (31). This statement refers to the notion of fate as dictating the lives and actions of the main characters. While the epic poem ostensibly embraces fate, in other instances, it seems to adopt an epistemological outlook that indicates the characters are responsible for their actions. One considers that the poem states, â€Å"And a young prince must be prudent like that, giving freely while his father lives so that afterwards in age when fighting starts steadfast companions will stand by him and hold the line. Behavior that’s admired is the path to power among people everywhere† (20-25). This statement considers the nature of behavior in warrior society. The emphasis on behavior is a clear embracement of the notion of human fr ee will. Ultimately, both fate and free will are exemplified in the poem. Beowulf also explores Anglo-Saxon and Christian religious ideology. The contrasting position of religious ideology and Anglo-Saxon belief in the story seems to indicate that the text most comprehensively embraces free will. Christian ideology is a prominent part of the text, as God is viewed as overseeing the action in the story. Additionally, the importance of being humble is viewed as deriving from Christian ideology. In this way, Christian ideology is woven into the very fabric of the text. In addition to these elements, however, Anglo-Saxon elements are considered that at times are not

Delta Air Lines Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Delta Air Lines - Term Paper Example Today the company consists of a fleet size of 722 different passenger and cargo aircraft as well as more than 80,000 employees working across the world. Company has its major assets at eleven airports and its 247 aircraft operate at 247 international routes (Delta Stats and Facts). By the end of 2011, Delta Airline was enjoying a net income of $854 million with its total assets around $43.49 billion (Delta Airlines Annual Report, 2011). After five years of operations, Delta Airlines got a contract from United States Post Office. This contract made the company to shift its major set up from Georgia to Dallas. The company shifted from Atlanta (Georgia) to Dallas on 5th August, 1934 and after seven years returned back to its parent city. With the passage of time, Delta Airline followed on growth strategy as in 1953, it acquired Southern Airways and Chicago. In 1972, it did acquisition with Northeastern Airlines as well therefore; it expanded its routes to get an edge over its competitor s. Delta Airlines executed its growth strategy quite well till the end of 1970s. Due to transporting of more than 3.3 million passengers in 1978, the company was ranked No.3 in the industry; however, the same year US government enforced the Federal Airlines Deregulations Act of 1978. The act put a negative impact on Delta Airline and some other dominating companies and therefore set a base for Low Cost Carriers (LCC). Moreover, the airline industry was serenely affected by several factors in 80s and 90s. These factors included global recession of early 80s, rising fuel prices towards late 80s, and first gulf war in early 90s. Delta Airlines also affected by these, however, its strong management and infrastructure made it again at No.3 in position in the airline industry. This year it took around 67.2 million passengers to their destinations in different parts of the world. The company also generated revenue of about $8.5 billion. Along with its successful growth, one of the biggest achievements of the company is its employee reward system which enabled the company to maintain a high employee retention rate. CULTURE According to a survey conducted by J.D Power, Delta Airline has been recognized as the 2nd best airline company with respect to customer service. In 2009, the company won three awards of ‘Business Traveler Magazine’ for the fourth consecutive year. These awards were given in the categories of ‘Best Airline Web Site’, ‘Best Frequent Flyer Program’, and ‘Best Airport Lounge’ (PR Newswire). Due to its vast experience in air operations, the company has created warms relations among its employees that have great retention as well as loyalty with the company. For example in 2006, pilots of the company got themselves away from a probable strike by accepting a deal with the organization in terms of their salary and other package. This willingly accepted agreement not only enabled the company to save about $280 million per year but also kept it firm with its routine operations. CURRENT OPERATIONS By April 2010, the

Ohms law Essay Example for Free

Ohms law Essay An electronics factory needs resistors of 5 ohms and 15 ohms for a new electrical device. My task is to investigate how the resistance of a piece of wire depends on length and to find the length of the wire needed to make the required resistors, using only 4 volts. Introduction/Planning A selection of different wires made from constantan and nichrome and the usual laboratory apparatus will be available for me. Wire A Constantan wire of approximate diameter 0. 3mm Wire B Constantan wire of approximate diameter 0. 4mm Wire C Constantan wire of approximate diameter 0. 3mm A constantan is an alloy whose resistance stays fairly constant when it becomes hot. In fact the resistance changes by less than 0. 5% even when the temperature rises by a few hundred degrees. Nichrome, along with other metals, is an alloy whose temperature does change appreciably when it becomes hot. Before starting my coursework, I have to find the variables in the experiment, safety aspects etc. I found that a number of things affect the resistance of a wire. Below is a list of factors and reasons why they affect the resistance of a wire. From this list of factors I have to make sure that these factors remain constant or excluded from the experiment. We are only investigating length but the other variables may change our outcomes. In electricity, resistance is the ratio of the potential difference (p. d. or voltage) across a conductor to the electrical current, which flows through it as a result. The unit of measurement is the ohm (O), this being the resistance of a conductor requiring a potential difference of 1 volt across its ends to produce a current of 1 ampere. For a given metal conductor at constant temperature the value is the same whatever the current (Ohms law), but rises if the temperature rises. Any conductor possessing resistance gives off heat when a current flows through it. Joules law describes this effect. Resistance occurs when the electrons travelling along the wire collide with the atoms of the wire. These collisions slow down the flow of electrons causing resistance. Resistance is a measure of how hard it is to move the electrons through the wire. Ohms law: The current flowing through a metal is proportional to the potential difference across it, provided that the temperature remains constant. We are going to use metals, which obey ohms law, metals which give us a constant value for resistance (gradient). Resistance (? ) = P. d across the wire (V) / Current through the wire (A) Current flows in an electric circuit in accordance with several definite laws. The basic law of current flow is Ohms law, named for its discoverer, the German physicist Georg Ohm. Ohms law states that the amount of current flowing in a circuit made up of pure resistances is directly proportional to the electromotive force impressed on the circuit and inversely proportional to the total resistance of the circuit. The law is usually expressed by the formula I = V/R, where I is the current in amperes, V is the electromotive force in volts, and R is the resistance in ohms Ohms law applies to all electric circuits for both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), but additional principles must be invoked for the analysis of complex circuits and for AC circuits also involving inductances and capacitances. A series circuit as on page 5, is one in which the devices or elements of the circuit are arranged in such a way that the entire current (I) passes through each element without division or branching into parallel circuits. When two or more resistances are in series in a circuit, the total resistance may be calculated by adding the values of such resistances. If the resistances are in parallel, the total value of the resistance in the circuit is given by the formula: In a parallel circuit, electrical devices, such as incandescent lamps or the cells of a battery, are arranged to allow all positive (+) poles, electrodes, and terminals to be joined to one conductor, and all negative (-) ones to another conductor, so that each unit is, in effect, on a parallel branch. The value of two equal resistances in parallel is equal to half the value of the component resistances, and in every case the value of resistances in parallel is less than the value of the smallest of the individual resistances involved. In AC circuits, or circuits with varying currents, circuit components other than resistance must be considered. If a circuit has a number of interconnected branches, two other laws are applied in order to find the current flowing in the various branches. These laws, discovered by the German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, are known as Kirchhoffs laws of networks. The first of Kirchhoffs laws states that at any junction in a circuit through which a steady current is flowing, the sum of the currents flowing to the point is equal to the sum of the currents flowing away from that point. The second law states that, starting at any point in a network and following any closed path back to the starting point, the net sum of the electromotive forces encountered will be equal to the net sum of the products of the resistances encountered and the currents flowing through them. This second law is simply an extension of Ohms law. The application of Ohms law to circuits in which there is an alternating current is complicated by the fact that capacity and inductance are always present. Inductance makes the peak value of an alternating current lag behind the peak value of voltage; capacitance makes the peak value of voltage lag behind the peak value of the current. Capacitance and inductance inhibit the flow of alternating current and must be taken into account in calculating current flow. The current in AC circuits can be determined graphically by means of vectors or by means of the algebraic equation, in which L is inductance, C is capacitance, and f is the frequency of the current. The quantity in the denominator of the fraction is called the impedance of the circuit to alternating current and is sometimes represented by the letter Z; then Ohms law for AC circuits is expressed by the simple equation I = V/Z. We know that all instruments have an error on its measurement, so the way to work out the percentage error is: Percentage error = (error / measured value) i 100 Conduction in metals In metals, atoms contain protons, nucleus and lose electrons which orbit around the nucleus. Below, I have investigated conduction in metals and how they affect resistance. METAL LATTICE (Electrons move in a random direction. ) METAL LATTICE (Electrons with power pack in a particular direction. ) Variables Length: If the length of the wire is increased then the resistance will also increase as the electrons will have a longer distance to travel and so more collisions will occur. Due to this, the length increase should be proportional to the resistance increase. Thickness: If the wires thickness is increased the resistance will decrease. This is because of the increase in the space for the electrons to travel through. Due to this increased space between the atoms, there should be fewer collisions. The number of free electrons changes from one material to another. The size of the ions changes from one material to another, this affects the current and therefore affects the resistance. The arrangement and size of the atoms change from one material to another. So if there is a kink in the wire this will change the thickness of the wire. Temperature: If the wire is heated up the atoms in the wire will start to vibrate because of their increase in energy.

Leadership and time management skills.

Leadership and time management skills. Leadership is defined as the to make people understand to gain certain course, and also the leader must follow the same power of mind. Leader ship is not an authority of an organization but its a strange strength personality which attracts the ordinary person. Personal and professional skills for a successful Manager/Leader:- Time Management Running meetings Making presentation Stress Management Time management :- It is consider as one of the most important skill under the mangers requirement. A proverb has been said Once the time has gone it never comes again. In this fast moving world time is precious and its been consider as money so time should be utilize in a proper way. The main features of the time management are to organize the work in a proper way and in a proper time, handling the meeting in a specific time period, to utilize the free time. In this business world everyone is concerned about the time management to achieve their success. The time frame which is available in this world for each person is 24 hours. Thus it is not possible for every individual to achieve their goal in the specific time period if its not been managed properly. Components of Time Management are as follow:- The leader/manager should set their priorities as per the time frame and should try to achieve their goal in a specific time with proper monitoring and feedback. Prioritize goal according to their importance. An time log of daily/weekly basis should be made to utilize time effectively Leader/Manger should give motivate and should give guidance to their staff to develop and to achieve goals. Running meetings :- Meeting lead to achieve the goal effectively probably meeting can be successful one or unsuccessful one. While running the meeting all the features are been consider so that the meeting will not be unsuccessful one. The agenda of the meeting should be clear. In which the meeting timing, points to be discussed, last meeting discussion and also the concerned person to carry out meeting should be mentioned properly. The important factor for the meeting is the time .It is necessary to mention the ending and the starting time of the meeting. A proper planning may lead to success of the meeting. For a successful meeting environmental condition should be nice enough. Such as, location, room and the availability of the equipment to carry out the meeting. It is a duty of a manager to maintain a quorum .And to consider the points discussion for the meeting by the subordinates. At the end of the meeting the points discussed by the subordinate should be ensure to all the members and the summary of meeting should be circulated to all the members. Making Presentation_:- It is pattern to shown or present the data in front of audience .presentation should consist of appropriate information related data and should be provided in an under stable language . The manager should be actively take part in the meeting and should be confident enough to carry out the meeting. The meeting starting and ending time should be considered by the manager while running the meeting. The physical presentation by the manger should be good enough he/she should dress them self properly and should be confident to carry out the meeting. While carrying out the meeting manager should make an eye contact with the members and should ask the questions if necessary. To make the meeting interesting it should be more of visuals either than the lectures so the members will not get bored of the meeting. Stress management:- It plays a vital role in the life of the mangers. Its normally been distinguish in two types it is personal and professional. The personal is been related to money problem, sickness, family problems etc while the professional will be the completion, business problems, large workload. To get release with the stress manger should follow the following steps:- He should identify the problem is it a professional or personal stress. A proper solution should be made to reduce the stress. Normally the main reason of the stress is time .If the time is managed by anyone he/she can reduces stress in a proper way. Regular exercise ,yoga, and meditation also help to reduce the stress and increases energy and strength In managers time log there should be some time for his hobbies or for the favorite thing to carry out so that he will be fresh to perform his task. Proper planning should be there for the task which is not the simple. So by the study of it proper notes, remark should be made to reduce stress. Thus by achieving these steps manger can reduce the stress and can achieve its goal in a proper plan time which can leads to an organisation profit. Task 2 (1.1b) The leader /manager have to know himself first mostly in terms of his weakness and the strength to perform the work in the proper way. Following are the practical methods of skills for developing or improving are as follow. Proper time frame should be made to carry out work efficiently in a proper and organized way. By these it become easily t carry out or too run the meetings easily and effectively. With the help of logs like daily and weekly it become easy to identify the problems or the jobs which was carried out and with the help of logs it can be sorted out easily. Proper planning should be there to carry out work easily so that the stress will be get reduced .Normally work is been carried out as per the as per the indivivals satisfaction. Proper planning or using of phone calls or the internet should be specific so that there will be no delay for the work. Proper backup or the files should be saved in a computer data as if it becomes easy to sort out the problems. Outcome 2 Task 3 (1.2a) By personal development it makes us understand to know our strength and weakness. As most of the people are unaware about their sturdy and fragile areas. Due to which the work get spoiled and do not get completed properly. So thats why the term personal skill audit is been used in management studies so that the employee will able to know their weakness and strength so that he can able to overcome with it easily. Due to which it become easy for the organisation to complete its goal. After having a study Advanced Professional Development I came to know that I am pragmatist. My Strength is as follow:- I like to know about the recent things happening around me relates to books and technologies. Most of the times I try to make out some new ideas from the job to make it easy. I make my plan for each work and try to make most of it to complete it. I utilize the option available to me. Most of the time I like to work independently to complete any task. My weakness is prescribed below:- I am very eager to complete the task without considering caution. Most of the time the group task is not performed by me because I try to dominate others. Without involving other people I like to do my work. I try to keep control on other because of which it may underestimate others. With the help of my strength it becomes easy to do work in a proper way. Gathering the information may help to complete the task. With the help of these it become easy to perform or to run the meeting easily. Also proper arrangement of agenda which includes the figures and facts help to make meeting successful. And also some time working alone or to perform the work help me to complete it properly as I dont have to rely on other to complete my work or task. As without considering the caution may leads to crash the task. Because of these act normally it direct me to the way of failure. Due to independent working stress and the mental pressure get increase because of which leads to work failure. Because of underestimating other people by me lead to differences between family, subordinates with me. These differences may cause nervousness, stress to mental condition. Due to which it take directly to the way of failure. After knowing to my weakness and strengths, I will try to overcome with it with the help of four skills which can also reduce the individual and proficient efficiency. I will plan my work in a proper way to compete it. Also I will persistence to my work or task and will study it properly to overcome it. And also I will frame out the related caution which may arise so thats I can overcome it. By utilizing strength I can achieve the goals successfully to hike the company in the right direction Outcome 3 Task 4 (1.3a) Before to be linked with the Personal Development Plan, I have constructed SMART and SWORT analysis to identify my objectives in life and to know my strength and weakness which will help me out to achieve my MBA and to be a successful manager in future. SMART -: It stands for S-Specific, M- Measurable, A-Achievable, R-Relevant and T-Time. Considering these all things I have set my goals for future. Specific-: To gain and implement four skills they are Time Management, Running Meetings, and Making Presentation, Stress Management which will help me out to complete my MBA. Measurable-: To complete the assignment successfully in APD/MBA. Achievable-: To complete and submit the assignment successfully in a specific time period and to get passes through it. Relevant-: As I have gained a perfect group of teachers because of which I have 100% interest and commitment for my subject which aim to concentrate and to put my efforts to achieve my goal. Time-Bound-: To obtain MBA degree by the end of March 2011. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths-: I try to find out more options To disclose the facts I use my detective skills I am eager to find and implement the ideas, techniques and theories. I perform the work well when I am independent. I set the goal and act to meet them I take my opportunities for experiment I am good to gather the information from the entire source available I am good in performing oral presentation which holds the attention of the audience. Weaknesses-: I proceed without caution I underestimate personal feelings I require full control I am impatient I dominate task which is given to others I like to do work/task alone I am not good in making logical disputes for the essay format I am not good in presenting the assignments professionally I am not good in evaluating the progress of any work. Opportunities-: Facilities which are available from our college -Live campus update, advanced technology for teaching like Smart Board, computers,projectors,library with all the books and facilities, the best teachers/staff. Special service for the student that is tutorial service in which we can interact our problems with the tutor. Performing practical workshops by our lecturer Mrs. Ginny Cox at our College. Through workshop it makes us easy to perform and practice our skills Threats-: Problems evaluating like login for live campus and collage computer systems Cannot take books outside the library Time consuming student services token system and limited time period for tutor service Because of newcomers and unprepared members in the group lecture cant able to concentrate on the workshops properly. Workshop cannot be get completed in time Professional Development Plan-: Learning and development need Weaknesses to be overcome and strengths to assist the outcome Learning actions to be taken including resources needed to achieve them Monitoring and feedback point Time frame for success Time management Weaknesses-: Have to wait for the last moment Always work alone To keep reminder or alarm for the deadline To do split up the small task and the large task first and then to do the important one. To decide and frame out the deadline and important dates. To record the summary at the end of the day To study and implement on daily action plan. To study and get on to the result time period of two months is needed. Strengths-: To perform the work on time Working hard for the work Proper planning and techniques can avoid wastage of time. It is hard to meet time constraint by working out daily. Approximately 1 month Running meetings Weaknesses-: Do not practice before performing Do not consider other people effectively Have to be prepare by own first before discussing the matter and implementing the decision assigned to him. To check the others works and allocate work to them. To take the survey in between and to ensure the progress of the work interval check is required. Up till the proper decision is implemented Strengths-: Able to make own decision Able to make control on others To set the goals and try to achieve them To stuck up with the decision and make a use of an employee to achieve the target. Through financial reports, sales reports and annual reports of an company In an interval of 3, 6, 9, 12 months. Making presentations Weaknesses-: Always in hurry Underestimate personal feelings To communicate properly To explain the topic rather than continuity of speech To take the survey in between and to ensure the progress of the work interval check is required. While presentation Strength-: Good speaker To find the facts by using detective skills Proper use of multimedia and PowerPoint in the presentation and getting the feedback from the subordinates/colleagues Through financial reports, sales reports and annual reports of an company After 1 month of presentation Stress management Weaknesses-: Always in hurry Wants the result instantly acts without caution Internal cure Taking break from work and assigning the work to subordinates/colleagues Mental stress progress continuously Strength-: Without depending on others for the work Utilizing essential and useful techniques to do task. Proper planning techniques make it easy to do work Mental stress programs continuously Task 5 (1.3b) Monitoring and feedback- As per the condition changes in the plan is been made to complete the work these skills is been effectively monitored and the feedback is been carried out to achieve the outcome. The confirmation of these monitoring and feedback is represented below. TIME MANAGEMENT-: In the starting weeks of the lecture I was asked to fill the daily/weekly time log table as during which we dint had any assignment to do so I used to utilize my time like with the friends, internet, gaming, watching TV, listening music (please see appendix 1).As after certain weeks I adjusted my time log table because of the assignments and exam were coming closure to submit and write it so using time log I planned my time properly. Also by comparing with the past time log table I come to know what mistakes I have made and how I can make a change in it.Therfore considering the sitivation I have made changes in my study hours which will be helpful for me to prepare for exam and assignment were as I have reduced my hours from the TV and music section to utilize them for studies. (Please see appendix 2).These time log I have done to do the things at time considering their priorities instead of leaving them at the end. Thus with the help of these I will be able to complete my work in ti me as if effective time management. MAKING PRESENTATION As in the lectures we had a presentation in which I had performed one presentation as a workshop in which I was making a mistakes continuously like less speech volume, repeating of the words or the mixture of the words which was not proper enough. After few days I had a presentation for the work shop for which I performed it quite well and I got a very positive results from my friends and teachers. For this presentation I had a very good preparation like to understand the subject pre-planned the matter and performed it at home and recorded it then I saw the mistakes and tried to overcome it. My main intention was to make a good presentation which should be liked by everyone. Thus after these I had many presentation and the results very quite well enough. Thus from these I have secured very good skill. Task 6 (1.3c) Conclusion Thus after completion of these task I came to know about my learning style due to which my strength and weakness is been easily identified though which it is possible for me to work out on any task easily. Also the four skills play a vital role with the help of which it may leads to a successful and good manger. As it is a part of Master of Business studies it shows the importance of time management, preparation of successful meetings which may be helpful as a part of life. Thus though these assignment I have learned also the thing that to respect the others ideas and views and use them effectively for the task which may reduce the stress.

Embodying Ecofeminism Essay -- Ecofeminism Essays

Embodying Ecofeminism I felt a little strange the first day I walked into our class, mostly because I was somewhat of an outsider in a group who seemed to know each other. I sat down and listened as class began. I found it hard to focus on what was being said. Words seemed to rise and fill the room without creating any form that I could recognize. I listened hard and tried to engage myself in the dialogue. Some of the other students seemed involved, some resistant, trying to argue their own space into the dialogue. Sometimes ideas would surface that would resonate with me and pull me in; I could see that both students and professor cared deeply about the things I valued most. Yet, somehow we did not tap my core of questions with the theories and frameworks we used. Logical arguments assigning ethical values to objects, abstract theories that universally prescribe for every situation, disagreement and defense, philosophical examples of extreme situations of morality that described violence, incest, rape . . . with all these things I felt more and more alienated from the group. I, an opinionated and outspoken woman, felt silenced. Surely the group would welcome my contributions, but why did I feel so stifled? How could a discussion of ethics so completely embody what to me is unethical? I should have known that even something so intense and personal as values could be pinned down and violated by patriarchal Anglo thought. If I were a survivor of sexual abuse, I certainly would have fled the classroom, never to return, feeling violated once again, due to the needless description of violence and rape in the philosophical examples. This, a perfect metaphor for the use of conceptual frameworks which value patriarchal-style rational... ... use. It is not sufficient to discuss oppression and injustice in one section as separate from the other topics we explore. In every issue we will encounter marginalized groups who are victims of environmental injustice, and I fear we may be tempted to blame them for environmental devastation. In reality, they may know part of the solution we seek. I would also ask that we expand the frameworks we use to include non-dominant frameworks, so that members of our class are not systematically alienated parallel to the groups we may discuss. Let's keep in mind our context, as students living in the upper-middle class, Anglo, patriarchal society of an elite college, as people who are born into conferred dominance. I think we will be able to discuss environmental ethics in a way that is inclusive, pluralistic, contextual and holistic, as recommended by ecofeminist thinkers.

Green Lantern and Mythology Essay

Green lantern is a long running comic book series. The early years the story of a prophecy that had been handed to Abin sur, an alien, who eventually dies from fear of this prophecy and his ring is given to a human the first human from earth to possess a power ring. This prophecy comes to be in the series called blackest night. It is a tale of evil trying to take over the universe. Black Hand is main Black lantern when a person is killed there body basically becomes a zombie possessing a black power ring. The green lantern corp is the original police forces of the universe there were created by a group of immortals that could be seen as gods possibly. The rings give normal beings great powers to create anything they can image with a solid light it is powered by their will power and lack of fear. But they are not the only heroes (lanterns) in the universe that is needed to stop this growing evil force. There is group for each of the colors of the spectrum. Each is powered by a different emotion. Red is rage, orange is greed, and green is will, blue is hope, indigo is mostly compassion, and finally violet is love. To destroy a Black lantern takes more than one colored power. So they have to learn to work together and give over their own personal differences. This shows how many cultures have to work together. But in a way it shows that you can’t allow only one emotion to rule over you because it will lead possibly your doom, because in the story to face the evil lantern alone is definite doom and you will be consumed by the evil and become that which you had been fighting against. It also shows that sometimes you just can’t do something’s alone that you need to rely on others to succeed. No matter how strong or smart you are that it can take more than one person to do the job right. I see it as a way of showing children that no matter how different we are, whether we are from different worlds or different countries no matter how different we look we can work together. Kids now days are very interested in comics or the movies based on comics so these stories are becoming the new myths of our time. These people are the heroes our children look to for role models nowadays. In the movie Green Lantern it shows the determination to show that no matter what others think of you if you have the strenght and determination you can prove that you can be a hero or anything you set your mind to.

Narrative Report On The First PTA Gener Essay

In order to settle things up, Bunga Elementary School, headed by our principal Mrs. Jessica Narvasa, together with her teaching staff, officers of the Parent – Teacher Association (PTA) and the Barangay Bunga Council, which is headed by Brgy. Capatain Edgardo Aguilar had its 1st PTA General Assembly Meeting at Bunga Elementary School Stage last July 04, 2014. The purpose of this meeting is to discuss the following: 1. Personal Safety Lesson 2. SOSA Performance Indicator/School Policy/SIP 3. School Feeding 4. Tree Planting and School GPP Competition Mechanics 5. Class Report/Feed backing 6. Voluntary Contribution 7. Family Day 8. Expected Monthly Activities/District and Division Competition In this meeting, it was majorly favored that in celebration with Family Day this coming December 2014, families would celebrate it together with Jollibee and it will be a fund-raising. Moreover, the school and the barangay agreed to jointly implement the project (which is the water facilities) that will provide a safe water supply system to the school’s children. In addition, there was also an open forum between teachers and parents wherein they were free to ask questions regarding to the agenda’s that had been discussed. There were many questions raised by parents that were answered well by the school staffs. The meeting was then ended ensuring that all the matters that have been tackled and agreed was fully understand by the concerned subjects of this meeting, and was hoping for positive outcomes.

Four Challenges of Sustainability

â€Å"Four Challenges of Sustainability† by David W. Orr confronts the problems of sustainability and proposes a path to get there. The concept of sustainability is the primary topic and goal in regards to the future of humans. The entire idea that humans and civilization as we know it may cease to exist, is a relatively new idea. This very real idea has spawned acknowledgement and pursuit of avoiding it through sustainability. Militarization, the increasing number of incredibly poor, and the increasing amount of frivolous consumption are some of the many current practices that simply cannot be sustained. Major industrial industries like agriculture, energy production, and health care have begun to exhibit diminishing returns. The move to sustainability requires major changes and improvements in government, specifically democratic governments and the relationship between them and their citizens. Fair distribution of wealth, cradle to cradle material policy, and building ecologically sound cities are only possible through ethical governments that have their citizen’s best interests at heart. Orr more succinctly puts this as, â€Å"Sustainability, in short, constitutes a series of public choices that require effective institutions of governance and a well-informed democratically engaged citizenry. † Education and curriculums must be improved to include ideas that are essential to sustainability. These ideas should promote more windmills, more farmers’ markets, and more small businesses. Orr feels that the public must be educated about sustainability and then taught how to implement it. It is then their responsibility to pass this knowledge on to future generations. The transition to sustainability requires more than education and critical problem solving skills. In the quest for sustainability, Orr says we need â€Å"a higher level of spiritual awareness† and references Schumacher in saying that we require, â€Å"wisdom, love, compassion, understanding, and empathy. † These spiritual tools will enable us to stop the self destructive behaviors that we continually perpetuate. If not for any other reason than preserving humanity we must stop killing the planet.

Spreading the Truth or Lies in Disguise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Spreading the Truth or Lies in Disguise - Essay Example This definition of public diplomacy is concise because it contains three elements that mark its specific role in the over-all practice of international relations and that would serve as a limiting aspect of the study contained in this paper. Government-Sponsored It is â€Å"government-sponsored.† This term limits the scope of the practice of public diplomacy to that which is carried out by the government. While private corporations and institutions also carry out activities that achieve the same objective of informing or influencing public opinion, it could be said that the more important activity of public diplomacy, especially in recent years, is that which nations and states carry out. In the United States, for example, public diplomacy is carried out by the Department of State through its U.S. Information Agency, with the help of many other public and private institutions, such as universities, cultural associations, aid agencies, and its military, among others. In the Uni ted Kingdom, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office carry it out with the help of the British Council, the BBC World Service and private think tanks such as the Foreign Policy Centre, again among many other institutions equipped for the task. Every government carries out a substantial amount of public diplomacy which is different from the common understanding of diplomacy because the normal channels of top-level government relations are not enough for any state to handle the scope and amount of work needed to pursue its strategic interests. Traditionally, international relations to pursue a nation’s strategic interests involved only the political, economic and military aspects. Lately, however,... The report covers the growing importance of public diplomacy highlights the importance of consistency and a unity between the starting and end points of the exercise to communicate a message. The starting point, the government in the case of public diplomacy, originates and packages the message and chooses the medium or media through which the message is transmitted. The end point, the foreign audience or external public, is the intended recipient of the message. However, while the internal public is not included in this equation, they also play an important role, since the factors that contributed to the growing popularity of public diplomacy are also the same factors that affect its utility or not. This paper makes a concluison that this is the reason why there must be consistency between the reality and the message and media used. The message need not be an idealization of reality, but realistic enough so that it could be perceived as objective and sincere. The support of the internal or local public is crucial in this regard, because any messages of inconsistency from this public can do great harm to the message crafted by those who carry out the work of public diplomacy. There is likewise a need to respect the foreign audience’s response. When they do not absorb the message nor change public opinion or, perhaps even worsen it, public diplomacy becomes more crucial and important. Its goal should not be to get everyone to think alike, but rather to help others develop a balanced view of how a country sees its goals as mutually beneficial. Public diplomacy can effect a change in strategic goals if needed.