The Impact of NAFTA on the U.S. Textile Industry Essay -- Essays Paper

The Impact of NAFTA on the U.S. Textile IndustryWhen the North American foreswear Trade Agreement went into effect in 1994, many expressed fears that one consequence would be large job losses in the US fabric industry as companies moved production from the United States to Mexico. Opponents of NAFTA argued passionately, but unsuccessfully, that the treaty should not be adopted because of the negative impact it would sop up on use in the United States, particularly in industries such as textiles. A glance at the data four years after the passage of NAFTA suggests the critics had a point. Between 1994 and mid-1997, about 149,000 US apparel workers lost their jobs, over 15 percent of all employment in the industry. Much of this job loss has occurred because producers have moved production to Mexico. Between 1994 and 1997, Mexicos apparel exports to the United States trebled to $3.3 billion. In 1993, the US jeans maker, Guess?, sourced 95 percent of its product domestically. N ow it gets about 60 percent of its clothing from outside the United States, with Mexico as one of the biggest suppliers. Similarly, in 1995, Fruit of the Loom Inc., the largest manufacturer of underwear in the United States, said it would close half dozen of its domestic plants and cut back operations at two others, laying off about 3,200 workers, or 12 percent of its US work force. The come with announced the closures were part of its drive to move its operations to cheaper plants abroad, particu...

Female Rebellion In Aurora Leigh and The Lady in the Looking-Glass Essa

Female Rebellion In Aurora Leigh and The Lady in the Looking-Glass Women of both the ages of mincing and early Modernism were restricted from commandment at universities or the financial independence of professionalism. In both ages, women writers often rebelled against perceived female expectations as a result of their oppression. To lead a solitary life as a subservient wife and mother was not satisfactory for writers like Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Virginia Woolf. One of the most popular female poets of the Victorian era, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, illustrated a womans trial to achieve artistic and economical independence in modern society (Longman P.1858). Many Victorian critics were shocked by Barrett Brownings female rebellion, which was rare for the era. With her autobiographical larger-than-life poem, Aurora Leigh provoked critics who were scandalized by its radical revision of Victorian ideals of femininity (P.1859). In the age of Modernism, women were finally given the some rights to a higher education and professionalism i n 1928 (p.2175). However, female poets of early Modernism, such as Virginia Woolf, were raised in the Victorian age. Rebellion toward Victorian sexual norms and gender roles (P.2175) are reflected in Woolfs modern literary piece, such as The Lady in the Looking-Glass A Reflection. Also echoed in the piece, is how Woolf never lost the keen sense of anguish nor the diffidence occasioned by the closed doors of the academy to women (P.2445). Both of the female protagonists, Aurora of Aurora Leigh and Isabella of The Lady in the Looking Glass A Reflection, represent the rebellion and self-distrust of their female writers. Aurora rebels against the Vi... ...r letters, they were all bills (P.2456). The rebellion ultimately led to emptiness, as Isabella chose not to have relations to preserve her freedom. Both Aurora Leigh and The Lady in the Looking Glass A Reflection help define female rebellion from Victorian and Modernism eras. The portrayal of the nature of the rebellion differs between the eras. The Victorian protagonist was more innocent in her struggle to gain independence. When that independence was achieved, it was like discovering a new religion. On the other hand, the Protagonists if the modernism era no longer were innocent in her rebellion. Forced to live a solitary life to seal her independence, she was hardened by the memories of the Victorian ideals for women. Longman. The Longman Anthology of British Literature, vol. B. Damrosch, D. NY, LA Addison Wesley Longman.

The Importance Of Literacy :: Literacy Essays

Rita Mae Brown describes literacy as,a social contract, an concord upon representation of certain symbols (420). Ifthe symbols (letters) meanings are not agreed upon by those attempting tocommunicate, then interpreting one another becomes difficult. Simply stated,literacy is very important. Society has proven time and time again, it willreward those individuals who are efficient and impede those who are not, whetherexpressed in terms of employment opportunities (job success) or just on a sociallevel.One need look no further than their everyday activities in order torealize how important literary skills are. Without adequate literary skills onemay not be able to see on a label the correct amount of medicine to give achild, or read and interpret a sign giving operating instructions on what to do in case ofa fire. These two examples bring perspective to literacys importance.Nevertheless, recent surveys have indicated that, 4.5 million Canadians,representing 24 percent of the eighteen -and-over group, can be consideredilliterate (Adult Illiteracy 5). Illiteracy is truly a problem within Canada.Although many groups are influenceing to render the problem of illiteracy, much workstill lies ahead.As our society moves on into the next century literacy is proving vitalto economic performance. Without basic literary skills in ones possession theywill become incapacitated in our rapidly changing society. The modern worker must beable to adapt to the changing job-scene. This often means gathering new skillsand knowledge from printed material, whether instruction manuals, computerprograms, or classroom training (text books). It is quite commonly the casethat highly skilled jobs require a high level of literacy. Therefore, literaryskill level is an important factor in predicting an individuals economicsuccess. It will affect an individuals income, their employment stability andwhether they even receive employment opportunities.Presently, our realness revolves around li teracy. Simply being literateallows one to continuously upgrade ones literary skills to a higher level. Itallows one to stay informed of happenings in and around the world throughmediums such as newspapers and magazines. Knowing current news about what isgoing on in this ever changing world of ours is the key to staying ahead. other thought to ponder is this, we rely on those with high literacy levels torecord and document findings and happenings for future generations to reflect on.These writings would most likely be dull and wide or would not exist atall without our current levels of literacy.When viewed from a social standpoint, literacy remains just as importantas when viewed from the economic standpoint. Linda Macleod of the issueAssociations Active in Criminal Justice, points out that, 65 percent of people

Using Calculus to Model Epidemics Essay -- SARS, MERS, pathology, epide

With the new-fashi oned scare of a so-called Severe acute respiratory syndrome-like (SARS) virus called nub East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS CoV) that so far has unknown origins and has a staggering mortality rate of 47.6% , I began to wonder about the complexities of disease outbreaks and the mathematics understructure epidemics. Thats when research led me to realize that it was possible to sit down epidemics victimisation calculus. As a pathofobiac, Ive always been intrigued, and scared, of, diseases - constantly reading statistics regarding different diseases, examining how they opening an calculating the chances of any of them ever infecting me or any of my loved ones. So when the opportunity came to do a math exploration, I thought it would be enkindle to look into the mathematics behind disease spread.The aim of this exploration is to check out and examine one epidemic type and then attempt to apply it to a scenario and determine if its a realistic and acc urate model.The Initial modelAlthough Epidemic modeling depends on a variety of factors, which will be discussed later(prenominal) on (such as the type of disease and its rate of spread) the initial model takes into written report the major factors to produce a simplistic model.Firstly, the initial model takes into account the very basic assumptions that are listed below 1. SIR All individuals fit into one of the following categoriesSusceptible those who can catch the disease.Infectious those who can spread the disease. withdraw those who are immune and cannot spread the disease2. The population is bulky limit to a well-defined region. You might imagine the population to be a large university during the semester, when relatively little outside travel takes place.3. The popu... ...culty of The University of Iowa)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. snapper East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). 3 September 2013. 3 September 2013 .Department of Statistics at Columbia Universit y. Introduction to Epidemic Modelling. apart(p) Unknown Unknown. 28 rarefied 2013 .KidsHealth. Chickenpox. Unknown Unknown Uknown. 1 September 2013 .Maps of World. Population Mexico (Poblacion de Mexico). Unknown Unknown Unknown. 2 September 2013 .Mathematics Faculty of The University of Iowa. Using Calculus to Model Epidemics. Unknown Unknown Unknown. 24 August 2013 . Using Calculus to Model Epidemics Essay -- SARS, MERS, pathology, epideWith the recent scare of a so-called Severe acute respiratory syndrome-like (SARS) virus called Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS CoV) that so far has unknown origins and has a astounding mortality rate of 47.6% , I began to wonder about the complexities of disease outbreaks and the mathematics behind epidemics. Thats when research led me to realize that it was possible to model epidemics using calculus. As a pathofobiac, Ive always been intrigued, and scared, of, diseases - constantly reading statistics regarding different diseases, examining how they spread an calculating the chances of any of them ever infecting me or any of my loved ones. So when the opportunity came to do a math exploration, I thought it would be interesting to look into the mathematics behind disease spread.The aim of this exploration is to investigate and examine one epidemic model and then attempt to apply it to a scenario and determine if its a realistic and accurate model.The Initial modelAlthough Epidemic modeling depends on a variety of factors, which will be discussed later on (such as the type of disease and its rate of spread) the initial model takes into account the major factors to produce a simplistic model.Firstly, the initial model takes into account the very basic assumptions that are listed below 1. SIR All individuals fit into one of the following categoriesSusceptible those who can catch the disease.Infectious those who can spread the disease.Removed those who are immune and cannot spread the disease2 . The population is large confined to a well-defined region. You might imagine the population to be a large university during the semester, when relatively little outside travel takes place.3. The popu... ...culty of The University of Iowa)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). 3 September 2013. 3 September 2013 .Department of Statistics at Columbia University. Introduction to Epidemic Modelling. Unknown Unknown Unknown. 28 August 2013 .KidsHealth. Chickenpox. Unknown Unknown Uknown. 1 September 2013 .Maps of World. Population Mexico (Poblacion de Mexico). Unknown Unknown Unknown. 2 September 2013 .Mathematics Faculty of The University of Iowa. Using Calculus to Model Epidemics. Unknown Unknown Unknown. 24 August 2013 .

ESL Admissions Essay - Keen to Study Engineering :: College Admissions Essays

Keen to Study plan I am keen to study Engineering because I find it fascinating and from an early age I shed enjoyed solving mathematical and physical problems I feel higher education would modify me to develop these skills further. This subject not only allows me to investigate new technologies but it also gives me the opportunity to develop and focus on one of my genuine interests. My interests gull been heightened by the work experience that I undertook at the Metropolitan Police (Operations and Technical Support Unit). There, I experimented with electrical circuits of products, ranging from small toys to security systems. The time I spent there allowed me to gain ground a basic knowledge of electronics as well as how the Police operated. In addition to work experience, I have attended engineering courses such as one at Surrey University, which improved my teamwork skills. I have participated in a Young Enterprise Scheme where I learnt about leadership, realistic teamwo rk and financial constraints in real life business situations. My role in the production of photo frames for a major fair allowed me to gain a credit in the examination. I have also spent a week on the island of Rum in the Hebrides with a group of students, where I undertook various group activities. Currently, I am involved in the Silver Award of the Duke of Edinburgh Scheme. I enjoy Mathematics and I have attended lectures at the Royal Institution as well as Mathematics Masterclasses. These have helped me in achieving Gold Certificates in 2 of the recent UK Mathematics challenges. Out of school hours, I give voluntary help to the young and the elderly at the community whenever possible.

ESL Admissions Essay - Keen to Study Engineering :: College Admissions Essays

Keen to Study plan I am keen to study Engineering because I find it fascinating and from an early age I turn in enjoyed solving mathematical and physical problems I feel higher education would enable me to develop these skills further. This subject not only allows me to investigate new technologies but it also gives me the opportunity to develop and focus on one of my genuine interests. My interests cave in been heightened by the work experience that I undertook at the Metropolitan Police (Operations and Technical Support Unit). There, I experimented with electrical circuits of products, ranging from small toys to security systems. The time I spent there allowed me to puddle a basic knowledge of electronics as well as how the Police operated. In addition to work experience, I have attended engineering courses such as one at Surrey University, which improved my teamwork skills. I have participated in a Young Enterprise Scheme where I learnt about leadership, realistic teamwo rk and financial constraints in real life business situations. My role in the production of photo frames for a major fair allowed me to gain a credit in the examination. I have also spent a week on the island of Rum in the Hebrides with a group of students, where I undertook various group activities. Currently, I am involved in the Silver Award of the Duke of Edinburgh Scheme. I enjoy Mathematics and I have attended lectures at the Royal Institution as well as Mathematics Masterclasses. These have helped me in achieving Gold Certificates in 2 of the recent UK Mathematics challenges. Out of school hours, I give voluntary help to the young and the elderly at the community whenever possible.

Child Victims of Domestic Violence

Family today ar unfortunately less as a unsounded unit of a healthy society. Almost all countries in the public are faced with the inability to determine the number of victims of kriminalitetot, and especially when such women. match to UN studies, women are the most frequent victims of sexual violence (50%) attacks of personality (10%) and other attacks on property (10%). For nasilonichkiot kriminalitet family largely lacks impartial witnesses of cases.Efforts made this situation be heady by reference to the assistance of the closest relatives and friends, and the reference to state institutions is much less common and more severe cases. Victims of such violence are the weakest members of the family. And charm pedesttite and shesettite years that youngsterren were in the seventies women, but in the eighties were elderly. Nasilnichkite wrongdoing within the family are found very difficult and rare.Conflicts rarely come to wild because of fear of revenge nasilnikot, shame on t he environment and the desire to maintain good idea for your own marriage, but economic dependence on her husband. home(prenominal) violence is one of preovladuvachkite criminal behavior in more societies and brings razoruvachki implications for the primary victim, a woman, and in terms of the second victim children. In most countries ecumenic domestic violence loan sizes to a problem of social character primareno.Domestic violence as a problem affecting the economic and general victimisation of society and is the result of historical zasnovanata disadvantaged men and women in which it is located in the subordinate position to men. International law to protect childrens rights citizens committee on Protection of Children is an independent body composed of experts who carry out monitoring of potisnichki Parties to the Convention on the proper application of the same, and its two Protocols the articipation of children in arm conflicts and trafficking of children, child prostitu tion and pornography . Committee their reports to be summarized by the States Parties that collect ratified the Convention and its Protocols. Taken by the UN Convention is a powerful peter for the state to protect the rights of children who have already declared as such. With the signature of this Convention, countries bound themselves to make available all the room at their disposal in the interests of children.Basically o of the Convention is that all children have equal rights to exercise their needs, regardless of where in the world. International Association for the Prevention of abuse of children and their neglect (ISPCAN), denote its release of World view on child abuse. This publication gives a full picture of statistics policy abuse separately in approximately 70 countries worldwide. According to statistics published study that 82% of respondents said that their countries have proaveno significantly large number of cases in which child abuse occurs.Most of the measures interpreted by countries to protect children from violence, provide for punitive action against those who abuse children and action to remove the child from the middle and family, which has been exposed to such activities unwashed. Despite the low take aim of qualifications of persons providing services for the protection of such victims, it is likely that countries will be forced to seek new ways and strategies to protect children from this type of crime, it is necessary to avoid consequences that watch with the child who was subjected to a similar event for a longer period.Consequences for the childs personality Why do I say that violence has major implications for the further development of the overall personality of a child, studies show that most of the womens children had witnessed violence, making their mothers during the period when they are helpless children and could not understand kriminalitetot in action when their Michael is physically abused by their father or fathe r, although the event of a child growing up in his subconscious with him over the years, its objective nedozvoluvai to think and analyze the environment in which e lives. What is interesting in the course of events is that victims of such violence reported cases many years after having become or ceased to protract bullying on their body and psyche, but very rarely happens to explain why they waited much time to record such crimes. As one of the reasons is considered bespomoshnosta of children in these moments, and lack of support from another family member.Often, over the development of children to identify with their parents and be able to adopt a model of behavior in their future family, which means the application of aggressive response to conflict situations. Such a view would mean that if the father was abusive, who abused her child, it is likely that child will become dotty if faced with the same conditions in which he lived until he was small. When children in the middle o f a state who carried out torture, it inevitably affects the child, even indirectly.Comprehensive review of psiholoshkoto extend to of violence against children and full guidelines for conducting assessment of children who have been subjected to violence can not be extended, but can summarize some brief points First, when there is incredulity that a child has been subjected to violence or witnessed it, the person who will examine the child and must ensure that child to be surrounded by people who will provide security and protection. The physician should keep in mind that all children do not exhibit the same feelings in terms of what they have undergone, and any other traumatic experience.The extent to which children are able to verbaliziraat thoughts and emotion depends on the age of the child and its development level. And the developing characteristics of society, family dynamics and cultural norms. Mnnogu is master(prenominal) if it is found that child sexual abuse to be exa mined by a specialist review, which will probably be traumalen child needs to be do by a physician experienced in interpretirtae conclusions is also important, the physician should know that the review can be a reminder of nasranot of the child, it is potential and expected child during the review to react spontaneously.Adolescence is a turbulent period D, the effects of violence can cause profound changes SAI personality of adolescents, which will persist to antisotsialno behavior experts in this field argue that child during his life may have symptoms of redozhivuvae Event / e the past. Which may manifest as opthalmic memories of the event nightmares, social withdrawal, limiting afektot, changes in fear, uncertainty, self-esteem and confidence as the environment, sleep disorders, plashae to go to bed, fear of strangers .. . ConclusionHow that can be seen preceding(prenominal) that, research on child abuse are quite large and attention is made to analyze all types of child abu se and how to detect domestic violence, reasons induce the same as protecting children from those conditions that are forced to live. What unfortunately is not done, is full implementation of conventions and other instruments adopted by NGOs and other supranational bodies involved in combating this new type kriminalitet whose target groups are precisely those children who have yet to begin develop its entirety in the community.Although there are still some differences in the implementation of child protection in the States, however, I must say that they take steps to eradicate conflicts that are natural in the family. Again I say that it is a sensitive issue in terms of that family is a community in which its members are entitled to love family life and discretion exception to this law is state intervention in times when those same users abusing that right.Despite differences in definitions of domestic violence as it includes child abuse in the same naraznovidnata and methodology experts are used in collecting statistical data on children, but today the world is still a large number of children who are subjected to sexual violence within the family, but their case has not yet been discovered sekodnevo media chiteme found for portentous events where children were zloupotrebuvani their parents, but for various reasons are unable to say.

Financial Market

Inter national diary of Islamic and bosom east Finance and Management Emerald obligate fiscal food commercialiseplace risk and favourable investment in an uphill market the case of Malaysia Mansor H. Ibrahim Article instruction To cite this document Mansor H. Ibrahim, (2012),Financial market risk and meretricious investment in an emerging market the case of Malaysia, International Journal of Islamic and Middle easterly Finance and Management, Vol. 5 Iss 1 pp. 25 34 Permanent link to this document http//dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17538391211216802 Downloaded on 26-09-2012References This document contains references to 13 other documents To copy this document emailprotected com This document has been downloaded 335 quantify since 2012. * Users who downloaded this Article to a fault downloaded * Mohamed Hisham Yahya, Junaina Muhammad, Abdul Razak Abdul Hadi, (2012),A comparative study on the level of efficiency between Islamic and conventional banking systems in Malaysia, Inter national Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 5 Iss 1 pp. 48 62 http//dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17538391211216820Muhamad Abduh, Mohd Azmi Omar, (2012),Islamic banking and economic growth the Indonesian experience, International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 5 Iss 1 pp. 35 47 http//dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17538391211216811 Samy Nathan Garas, (2012),The control of the Sharia Supervisory Board in the Islamic financial institutions, International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 5 Iss 1 pp. 8 24 http//dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17538391211216794 Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided y ASSUMPTION UNIVERSITY OF THAILAND For Authors If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, whence please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information ab unwrap how to choose which publication to write for and submission guide ocelluss are availa ble for entirely. Please impose www. emeraldinsight. com/authors for more(prenominal) information. About Emerald www. emeraldinsight. com With all over forty years experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leading independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education.In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online products and services. Emerald is some(prenominal) COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER compliant. The constitution is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. *Related content and download information correct at time of download. The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/1753-8394. htm Financial market risk and funds investment in an emerging market the case of MalaysiaMansor H. Ibrahim trade risk and spec ie investment 25 Department of Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Abstract Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relative between currency retrogress and pedigree market arrest and whether its semblance changes in times of neat detrimental market drive offs for an emerging market, Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach The paper applies the autoregressive distri aloneed model to link favourable pay backs to memory board turn backs with TGARCH/EGARCH error speci? cation development daily selective information from dire 1, 2001 to March 31, 2010, a total of 2,261 observations.Findings A signi? cant substantiating but low correlation is found between funds and once-lagged line of business retorts. Moreover, nonparallel negative market returns do not seem to intensify the co-movement between the metal(prenominal) and timeworn markets as normally documented among national stock markets in times of ? nancial turbulences. Indeed, there is some(a) severalize that the melodic phrases market soar upwardss when faced with consecutive market declines. Practical implications Based on these results, there are potential bene? ts of funds investment during periods of stock market slumps. The ? ndings should prove useful for designing ? ancial investment portfolios. Originality/value The paper evaluates the role of gold from a domesticated perspective, which should be more relevant to domestic investors in guarding against recurring heightened stock market risk. Keywords Malaysia, Emerging markets, Gold, Returns, Investments, Stock markets, Gold investment, Market return, Correlations, Market risk Paper type Research paper institution Over the past decades, the global ? nancial markets name witnessed a string of ? nancial crises, among them include the Mexican peso crisis in 1994, the Asian ? nancial ? in 1997/1998, the Russian crisis in 1998, the Brazilian crisis in 1999, the Argentinian ? nancial crisis i n 2001/2002 and most recently the US subprime crisis in 2007 and the Greece ? nancial crisis in 2009. Mentioning of these crises is likely to conjure up in the mind of many the images of profligate risk in stock market investment and to encounter back interest in gold as an choice investment asset. This interest is well-placed as gold used to be a standard of value, is still considered as a store of value and is universally accepted. Moreover, there seems to be a trong thought that gold can provide protection, as a hedge or a safe haven, against this heightened risk in the ? nancial markets. As noted by Baur and McDermott (2010), gold differs from other assets in that it reacts positively to adverse market shocks. As they mention, real gold value reached its historic high roughly in 1980 when the global delivery faced the threat of stag? ation due to oil crises in 1970s. Likewise, at the time the US subprime crisis intensi? ed in September 2008, gold has responded with a surge i n its value (Baur and McDermott, 2010). International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance andManagement Vol. 5 no. 1, 2012 pp. 25-34 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1753-8394 DOI 10. 1108/17538391211216802 IMEFM 5,1 26 Against a backdrop of recurring ? nancial crises and contagion as well as emerging interest in gold, some(prenominal) studies have attempted empirical probe of gold hedging property. Notable among these studies are recent works by Capie et al. (2005), Hillier et al. (2006), Baur and Lucey (2010) and Baur and McDermott (2010). Capie et al. (2005) examine an exchange tempo hedge of gold using weekly info of gold price and sterling-dollar and yen-dollar exchange rates from January 1971 to February 2004.They ? nd supportive evidence for exchange rate hedging property of gold, although the strength of hedging tends to vary over time. Hillier et al. (2006) assesses the investment role of precious metals, namely gold, platinum and silver for the US market. They note low correlations between these three metals and stock market returns, which suggests diversi? cation bene? ts of gold investment. Baur and Lucey (2010) examines whether gold is a safe haven, i. e. maintaining its value in times of market stress or turmoil, for the US, UK and German markets.They document evidence suggesting the ability of gold to hedge against ? nancial risks and to coif as a safe haven in utmost(a) market conditions for these markets. Most recently, Baur and McDermott (2010) extend the work of Baur and Lucey (2010) to a larger number of markets, which include both major true and emerging markets. They analyze the relations between gold return and returns of world and emerging market indexes, various regional market indexes, and 13 individual market indexes. Their results demonstrate the ability of gold to provide a hedge and a strong safe haven for European and US markets.Thus, for substantial markets, gold provides protection against losses during e xtreme market conditions. As they explain, investors in these markets sell stocks and buy gold when faced with heightened ? nancial risk. By contrast, the emerging markets seem to overleap these properties indicating that investors tend to react differently to adverse shocks in emerging markets. Namely, they shift the composition of their portfolios by selling shares of emerging markets and seeking shelter in the developed markets, which are viewed to be relatively safe.In the present paper, we take lead from these studies and examine the investment role of gold for an emerging Asian market, Malaysia. We attempt to contribute to this line of inquiry in several aspects. First, in Baur and McDermott (2010), the investment role of gold for emerging markets is examined by looking at the relation between gold return and emerging market index return and individual market returns of cardinal largest emerging markets, i. e. Brazil, Russia, India and China. We add to their study by looking at a littler emerging market.Second, objet dart the present study looks at gold investment from an international perspective, we look at the issue from a domestic perspective. All aforesaid(prenominal) studies employ gold price in US dollar in their analysis. Instead of using the dollar-denominated gold price and converting it into domestic currency unit as in Baur and Lucey (2010), we use domestic gold price instead. While we acknowledge that the Malaysian gold price may have depended on the global gold price, the use of gold price quoted domestically in ringgit screens out potential confounding effect of exchange rate movement and currency onversion. Finally, we bring out a new empirical perspective in evaluating the investment role of gold. Namely, we examine whether gold maintains its value or its relation with market returns when faced with consecutive negative daily returns. We focus on Malaysia due to deep interest in gold shown by Malaysian policymakers and academics in th e face of 1997/1998 Asian ? nancial crisis. Tun Mahathir Mohamad, the then Prime Minister of Malaysia, voiced interest in this universally accepted asset and proposed the use of gold particularly in international trade hamlet The News Strait Times, 2001). A series of international conferences have been organized on the subject of gold and gold Dinar1, among them include International throng on Stable and Just Monetary System and International Conference on the Gold Dinar in Multilateral Trade in 2002, International Conference on Gold in International Trade in 2003 and International Conference on Gold Dinar Economy in 2007. In July 2001, Malaysia became the twelfth country in the world to have its own gold bullion coins through the launching of the gold bullion coins known as Kijang Emas by the regal Mint Malaysia.This is followed by the issuance of Royal Mint gold Dinar in 2003 and Kelantan State gold Dinar in 2006. While the introduction of these gold coins is to serve primarily as a store of value or an alternative ? nancial asset for investment, the gold investment performance for the case of Malaysia has hardly reliable any empirical attention. The availability of daily domestic gold bullion price since 2001 provides us an opportunity to examine the investment role of gold from a domestic market perspective and, at the same time, widens the literature on emerging markets. The rest of the paper is structured as follows.In the next section, we provides the empirical example used in the analysis. Then, we describes the data and present estimation results. Finally, we conclude with the main ? ndings and some concluding remarks. Empirical framework We specify our empirical model using an autoregressive distributed lag model along the line of Capie et al. (2005). Thus, we have RGt ? a ? rRGt21 ? b1 RSt ? b2 RSt21 ? 1t ?1? where RG is the daily return of gold investment and RS is the corresponding return of stock investment. The lagged dependent is included to discontinue for autocorrelation structure in gold return.Meanwhile, the incorporation of once-lagged stock return is based on our presumption that, in emerging markets, the transmission of information among markets may take time. That is, the changes in stock return may be impounded into the gold return with lag. The total sensitivity of gold return to stock market ? uctuations is based on the sum of stock market coef? cients, i. e. b1 ? b2. If this sum is signi? cantly positive and is furthermost from unity or the model explanatory is closedown to zero, we may conclude that gold serves as a diversi? cation asset (Hillier et al. , 2006).Meanwhile, if it is not signi? cant or is signi? cantly negative, then gold investment can provide a hedge against ? nancial market risk (Baur and Lucey, 2010 Baur and McDermott, 2010). We refer to equation (1) as our basic model. Based on equation (1), we ask further whether gold return dynamics remain similar under conditions of consecutive n egative market returns. To this end, we adapt the framework used by Nam et al. (2005) in their analysis of stock return instability by modifying equation (1) as RGt ? a0 ? a1 Nmt ? rRGt21 ? ?b10 ? b11 Nmt ? ? RSt ? ?b20 ? b21 Nmt ? ? RSt21 ? 1t ?2? here Nmt is a dummy up variable representing consecutive negative market returns. Five alternative dummies corresponding to years of consecutive negative returns are considered and they are de? ned as Market risk and gold investment 27 IMEFM 5,1 N0 ? 28 N1 ? N4 ? 1 if RSt , 0 0 otherwise 1 if RSt , 0 RSt21 , 0 0 otherwise ?3? ?4? . . . 1 if RSt , 0 0 otherwise RSt21 , 0 RSt24 , 0 ?5? Note that we include Nm as both intercept and interactive dummies. The intercept dummy is intended to acquire the level effect of m ? 1 consecutive negative market returns, current return and the returns of last m days, on gold return.Meanwhile, the interactive dummy is to capture the changing relations between stock return and gold return under condi tions of consecutive negative market returns, the main interest of the paper. In the paper, we denote these models with alternative de? nition of dummies, respectively, as model N0, N1, N2, N3 and N4. In equation (2), the sum b10 ? b20 captures the relation between the two markets under normal market conditions while b10 ? b20 ? b11 ? b21 measures their relation when the stock market experiences m ? 1 days of consecutive negative returns. Accordingly, the signi? cance of b11 and b21 re? cts the changing relations between gold return and market return in times of market downturns. If they are signi? cantly positive, then the gold return tends to move in closer tandem to stock market movement, weakening gold investment role as a diversi? cation asset. However, if they are signi? cantly negative, then gold investment is said to provide at least a hedge against ? nancial losses during market downturns. Finally, if they are insigni? cantly different from 0, the dynamics of gold return t ends to resist the slumps in stock prices and preserves its relation to the stock market regardless of the market conditions.We believe that this perspective that we bring provides a nice complementary empirical exercise to the works of Baur and Lucey (2010) and Baur and McDermott (2010) that look at the relations between the two during extreme market conditions. In the implementation of equations (1) and (2), we take note of ample evidence that high-frequency asset returns tend to exhibit leptokurtic property or volatility clustering, the so-called autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) effect. In ? nance literature, various error distributions have been assumed and form equation speci? cations have been suggested.The error distribution is assumed to be distributed according to all the normal distribution (N), t-distribution (T), or generalized error distribution (G). Among the time-varying variance speci? cations include the generalized autoregressive conditional h eteroskedasticity (GARCH), threshold ARCH (TARCH), and exponentional GARCH (EGARCH). The latter two allow for irregular responses of volatility to positive and negative shocks. To avoid arbitrary model selection, we follow Capie et al. (2005) by basing on the maximum of log likelihood as a selection criterion. We ? nd asymmetric volatility speci? cation (TARCH or EGARCH) to best ? the gold return dynamics and generalized error distribution to best describe the error distribution. The suitability of asymmetric volatility modeling for gold return is in conformity with the behavior of other asset returns (Lobo, 2000 Koutmos and Martin, 2003). Data We employ 2,261 daily observations spanning from August 1, 2001 to March 31, 2010. The beginning date is dictated by data availability of gold bullion price. The selling prices of one troy ounce domestic gold bullion are used to represent domestic gold prices while the Kuala Lumpur composite index is used to represent aggregate prices of sto ck market investment.The data on the two prices are sourced, respectively, from Malaysias central bank, Bank Negara Malaysia, and Data Stream International. We compute gold and stock market returns as the ? rst difference of the instinctive log of respective series. postpone I provides descriptive statistics of the two returns. We also plot these series in level and ? rst-differenced forms in Figure 1. Both gold and stock prices experience an upward trend over the sample period. While the daily just gold return is relatively higher than the daily average stock market return (i. e. 0. 6 percent against 0. 03 percent), it is more volatile than the market return as re? ected their respective standard deviations. This is accounted by the more extreme positive values of gold return (0. 1246) than the stock market return (0. 0426). Meanwhile, the extreme negative value of stock market return (2 0. 9997) is just slightly higher than the corresponding value of gold return (2 0. 0782). F rom the plots, we also note marked reduction of stock market prices around years of the Argentine ? nancial crisis in 2001/2002 and of the US subprime crisis in 2007/2008.While the gold return is positively skewed, the market return demonstrates a negative skewness. Both return series are characterized by excess peakness having kurtosis statistics to be substantially higher than 3. This suggests volatility clustering in the return series, which is apparent in the graphical plots. The Jarge-Bera statistics writinged at the bottom of Table I soundly rejects the null of normality for both returns. These characteristics in the data seem to justify the use of GARCH-type models for model speci? cation. As a preliminary analysis, we report the cross-correlations between RG,t and RS,t for up to ? e lags. With the standard error in the order of 0. 021 in absolute value, the correlation of roughly 0. 042 and higher suggests signi? cance correlation between the two returns. We note very low a nd for the most part positive correlations between gold return and contemporaneous and lagged stock returns. Among these correlations, only the DG Mean Median utmost Minimum SD Skewness Kurtosis Jarque-Bera Probability Observations 0. 000305 8. 72 ? 102 5 0. 042587 2 0. 099785 0. 008518 2 0. 999659 15. 06466 14,082. 94 0. 000000 2,260 29 DS 0. 000561 0. 000000 0. 124645 2 0. 078182 0. 011909 0. 092587 12. 8588 8,656. 123 0. 000000 2,260 Market risk and gold investment Table I. Descriptive statistics IMEFM 5,1 8. 4 0. 15 0. 10 8. 0 0. 05 30 7. 6 0. 00 7. 2 6. 8 0. 05 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0. 10 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 08 09 (b) Gold Return (a) inborn put down of Gold Price 7. 4 0. 08 7. 2 0. 04 7. 0 0. 00 6. 8 0. 04 6. 6 Figure 1. Graphical plots of gold and stock prices and returns 0. 08 6. 4 6. 2 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0. 12 (c) Natural Log of Kuala Lumpur Composite Index 02 03 04 05 06 07 (d) Stock Market Return correlation between gold return and once-lagged stock return i s signi? ant. Its correlation is positive, suggesting that the gold market tends to follow the stock market with one-day lag. The cross-correlations between gold return and lead stock returns indicate the absence of signi? cation correlations. Accordingly, the gold market does not lead the stock market. This preliminary analysis seems to provide a basis for our one-equation empirical approach with no feedback from gold return to stock return and with the inclusion of once-lagged stock return in the mean equation of gold return. As regards to our main interest, it indicates at best the diversi? ation property of gold investment since its noted positive correlation is far from unity. However, this ? nding is only suggestive and must be subject to a formal analysis, which we turn next (Table II). Estimation results This section conducts a formal analysis of gold return and its relation to stock market return as speci? ed in equations (1) and (2) using GARCH-type models. We experiment w ith various error distribution assumption and variance speci? cation and choose the one that maximizes the log likelihood. The values of log likelihood functions for alternative models are given in Table III.This log likelihood criterion uniquely suggests the generalized error distribution of error terms. It also suggests either TARCH or EGARCH speci? cation to best describe variance speci? cation. TARCH speci? cation is chosen for basic model, model N0 and model N1 while EGARCH speci? cation for other models. Note that the differences in the log likelihood values between the two speci? cations are marginal. Estimation of the TARCH (1, 1) model for the basic mean equation yields the pursuit results (numbers in parentheses are p-values) RGt ? ht ? 00004 200344RGt21 200111RSt ?0016? ?0046? 0582? 00000014 ?0008? ?007721221 t 31 ?00502RSt21 ?0014? 2005351221 I t21 t ?0000? Market risk and gold investment ?0003? ?09413ht21 ?0000? N ? 2 259 GED Parameter ? 17025 ? 0000? Log Likelihood ? 7 16842 where It ? 1 if 1t , 0 and 0 otherwise. The use of TARCH model implies that previous shocks have asymmetric effects on volatility. Since the coef? cient of 1221 I t21 is negative, t bad news (1t , 0) tends to dampen market volatility. In other words, once-lagged positive news (1t2 1 . 0) exerts a great impact on gold return volatility than negative news does, which conforms to the ? ding of Capie et al. (2005). Moreover, gold return volatility tends to be highly persistent as suggested by large coef? cient of lagged volatility. Turning to our main theme, we note the signi? cance of only once-lagged stock return. This conforms to the correlation structure observed in the previous section. However, its coef? cient is small, in the order of 0. 05. Thus, a 10 percentage point k RG,t, RS,t-k RG,t, RS,t? k 0 1 2 3 4 5 0. 0032 0. 0579 2 0. 0224 0. 0127 2 0. 0085 0. 0173 0. 0032 0. 0240 0. 0151 0. 0254 0. 0258 2 0. 0167 GARCH Speci? cation radical N0 N1 N2 N3 N4GARCH-N GARCH-T G ARCH-G TGARCH-N TGARCH-T TGARCH-G EGARCH-N EGARCH-T EGARCH-G 7,035. 569 7,146. 246 7,163. 378 7,046. 186 7,153. 767 7,168. 421 7,026. 377 7,158. 247 7,168. 083 7,035. 893 7,146. 520 7,165. 204 7,046. 458 7,154. 348 7,170. 701 7,026. 710 7,158. 82 7,170. 554 7,036. 291 7,146. 26 7,163. 645 7,046. 785 7,153. 782 7,168. 730 7,027. 169 7,158. 361 7,168. 641 7,034. 568 7,142. 140 7,159. 647 7,045. 231 7,149. 472 7,164. 399 7,031. 521 7,154. 147 7,164. 628 7,031. 221 7,138. 171 7,156. 706 7,043. 397 7,146. 017 7,162. 170 7,030. 436 7,151. 064 7,163. 104 7,030. 379 ,134. 302 7,152. 533 7,042. 447 7,141. 644 7,157. 886 7,031. 285 7,146. 542 7,159. 008 Table II. Estimated cross-correlations Model Table III. Log likelihood of alternative GARCH speci? cations IMEFM 5,1 32 reduction in stock returns is associated the flow in stock return by 0. 50 percentage point on average and likewise for the stock market increase. Note that the coef? cient of lagged gold return is negative. This suggests th at the gold return tends to exhibit a reversal pattern and that the long run impact on gold return of stock market variations is so far smaller.In order to evaluate the dynamics of gold return during times of consecutive negative market returns, we estimate the chosen GARCH models (Table III) for the consecutive negative returns ranging from one to ? ve days (equation (2)). Results of the estimation are provided in Table IV. Note from the table that there are no changes in the results for the variance equation. Gold return volatility depends mostly on its past volatility and positive shocks tend to propel higher volatility. In the mean equation, we generally observe no level effect of consecutive negative market returns on gold return except for model 3.Similar to the basic model, we note signi? cant positive coef? cient of lagged stock return in all models except one, i. e. model N0. More importantly, there seems to be no changes in the relations between gold and stock returns in times of consecutive negative market returns. The coef? cients of interactive dummies are all indistinguishable from 0 except one, i. e. the N3 model. In the case of N3 model, the investment role of gold is further enhanced. In responses to four consecutive Estimated coef? cients Mean equation a0 a1 r b10 b11 b20 b21 Variance equation u0 u1 u2 u3 N0 (TARCH) 0. 0000 2 0. 0007 2 0. 315 * 0. 0465 2 0. 0602 0. 0352 0. 0254 N1 (TARCH) 0. 0003 2 0. 0004 2 0. 0320 * 2 0. 0054 0. 0263 0. 0545 * * 2 0. 0114 Model N2 (EGARCH) N3 (EGARCH) N4 (EGARCH) 0. 0004 * * 0. 0001 2 0. 0341 * * 2 0. 0093 0. 0110 0. 0474 * * 0. 0150 0. 0004 * * 2 0. 0025 * * 2 0. 0265 2 0. 0034 2 0. 0979 0. 0549 * 2 0. 2243 * * 0. 0004 * * 2 0. 0008 2 0. 0284 * 2 0. 0036 2 0. 0146 0. 0507 * * 2 0. 2640 0. 000001 * * * 0. 000001 * * * 2 0. 1156 * * * 2 0. 1064 * * * 2 0. 1261 * * * 0. 0809 * * * 0. 0776 * * * 0. 0858 * * * 0. 0830 * * * 0. 0923 * * * 2 0. 0575 * * * 2 0. 0539 * * * 0. 0595 * * * 0. 0603 * * * 0. 0592 * * * . 9402 * * * 0. 9410 * * * 0. 9942 * * * 0. 9950 * * * 0. 9936 * * * Notes Signi? cant at *10, * *5 and * * *1 percent, respectively the estimated models are Mean equation RGt ? a0 ? a1 Nmt ? rRGt21 ? ?b10 ? b11 Nmt ? ? RSt ? ?b20 ? b21 Nmt ? ? RSt21 ? 1t Variance equations TARCH Table IV. Estimation results of all-embracing models ht ? u0 ? u1 1221 ? u2 1221 ? I t21 ? u3 ht21 t t GARCH p log ht ? u0 ? u1 j1t21 = ht21 j ? u2 1t21 =ht21 ? u3 log ht21 negative market returns, current and last three-day returns, the gold market tends to move in the opposite direction of stock market slumps.The coef? cient of interactive dummy-lagged stock return in the N3 model is signi? cantly negative and its magnitude (in absolute term) is substantially higher than the coef? cient of lagged stock return. Thus, there seems to be a movement of the gold market away from downward trend in the stock market. The evidence that we uncover, thus, supports strong resistance of the gold market to stock marke t downturns. This is in sharp contrast to the well-documented ? nding that national stock markets tend to have strong co-movements during times of market decline and turmoil, which ricochet potential diversi? cation bene? across national stock markets. The heightened reaction of domestic stock markets to downturns in other markets have been documented by Pagan and Soydemir (2001) and Bahng and Shin (2003) for several emerging markets. Moreover, the ? nancial crises are noted to propagate shocks more strongly through the contagion or domino effect (Dornbusch et al. , 2000 Hasman and Samartin, 2008 Markwat et al. , 2009). Thus, a ? ight to other markets for shelter during times of ? nancial crises may not help. In the case of gold investment, its diversi? cation bene? ts are not restrained in times of market downturns.Indeed, there is some evidence that the stock market may surge in value when the stock market posts a negative trend. Conclusion A series of ? nancial crises that erupt ed in different part of the world and their accompanying excessive risk have raised serious concern over investment in stock markets and are likely to bring back interest in gold as an alternative investment asset. In light of this, we examine the relation between gold and stock returns and investigate whether it changes during times of consecutive negative market returns for an emerging market, Malaysia.Applying GARCH-type models to daily gold and stock returns over the period August 2001-March 2010, we uncover evidence indicating signi? cant positive relation between gold return and once-lagged stock return. However, the coef? cient of the once-lagged stock return in gold return equation is small and far from unity. We further note that, their relation has not strengthened during times of consecutive days of market declines. To the contrary, we ? nd some evidence that gold return tends to break from its positive relation with stock market return following four consecutive stock m arket returns. These ? dings are in sharp contrast to the observed strong co-movements among national stock markets in periods of market downturns, which are attributed to contagion or domino effect. Based on these results, we incline to suggest the favorable property of gold as an investment asset for the Malaysian emerging market. At least, gold provides a diversi? cation bene? t to investors in the Malaysian market. The domestic Malaysian gold market tends to have resistance to heightened risk in the stock market as its preserve its low positive relation with stock market variations regardless of the market conditions.At best, with evidence pointing to the negative relation between gold return and stock market return after four consecutive negative market returns, gold tends to have got a hedging property in times of market declines. In short, our results seem to support the initiative by Malaysia in introducing various gold coins, namely Kijang Emas, Royal Mint gold Dinar and K elantan State gold Dinar, as a vehicle for preserving wealth in the midst of recurring ? nancial turbulences during the present time. Market risk and gold investment 33 IMEFM 5,1 34 Note 1. Dinar refers to the name of gold coin used in Islamic history.The interest in gold Dinar during the Asian ? nancial crisis is not only limited to its store of value role and its use in international trade settlement but also to the adoption of gold as a payment standard. References Bahng, J. S. and Shin, S. -M. (2003), Do stock price indices respond asymmetrically? Evidence from China, Japan, and South Korea, Journal of Asian Economics, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 541-63. Baur, D. G. and Lucey, B. M (2010), Is gold a hedge or a safe haven? An analysis of stocks, bonds, and gold, The Financial Review, Vol. 45 No. 2, pp. 217-29. Baur, D. G. and McDermott, T. K. (2010), Is gold a safe haven?International evidence, Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 34 No. 8, pp. 1886-98. Capie, F. , Mills, T. C. and Wood, G. (2005), Gold as a hedge against the dollar, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 343-52. Dornbusch, R. , Park, Y. and Claessens, S. (2000), Contagion how it spreads and how it can be stopped, World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 177-97. Hasman, A. and Samartin, M. (2008), Information learnedness and ? nancial contagion, Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 32 No. 10, pp. 2136-47. Hillier, D. , Draper, P. and Faff, R. 2006), Do precious metals shine? An investment perspective, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol. 62 No. 2, pp. 98-106. Koutmos, G. and Martin, A. D. (2003), asymmetrical exchange rate exposure theory and evidence, International Journal of Money and Finance, Vol. 22 No. 3, pp. 365-83. Lobo, B. J. (2000), Asymmetric effects of interest rate changes on stock prices, The Financial Review, Vol. 35 No. 3, pp. 125-44. Markwat, T. , Kole, E. and van Dijk, D. (2009), Contagion as a dom? no effect in global stock markets, Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 33 No. 11, pp. 996-2012. Nam, K. , Washer, K. M. and Chu, Q. C. 2005), Asymmetric return dynamics and technical trading strategies, Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 29 No. 2, pp. 391-418. (The) News Strait Times (2001), Practices in Islamic banking, News Strait Times, June, p. 26. Pagan, J. A. and Soydemir, G. A. (2001), chemical reaction asymmetries in the Latin American equity markets, International Review of Financial Analysis, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 175-85. Corresponding author Mansor H. Ibrahim can be contacted at emailprotected com To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail emailprotected com Or visit our web site for further details www. emeraldinsight. com/reprints

American Folk Art

Visiting the four on-line sites devoted to Gilded Lions and Jewelled Horses The Synagogue to the top helped me to enhance my knowledge of Jewish woodcarvers art, and I was also provided with excellent opportunity to explore the works of American and European artists. I found out that American art has contributed developing of distinct Jewish culture within American boundaries. The works of art presented at the sites are really exuberant and refine as they reflect the history of transformation and, what is more important, of survival of cultural heritage.The exhibitions presented amounts more than one hundred works and objects, as well as documentary photographs of temple arks and carved gravestones, carrousel animals and sacred carvings. I learned that Jewish immigrants had to struggle to balance their observant life with reality as it was difficult for them to adjust to new-made environment. Nevertheless, the most interested information I learned is about the history of carousels and carousel animals lions and horses.My favorite image (see picture) is a standing horse with jeweled trappings made by Marcus Charles Illions. The horse is wooden, painted and decorated with glass eyes and jewels. Illions is known to create the most animated carousel animas and his horses seemed exhausted from their eternal offer tempers. The horses were often entailed with wild eyes and they were flying in the air. Carousels gained popularity in American and one of the possible reasons is that they were designed by diverse generation of immigrants who added distinct features to horses and lions.The carousel industry flourished in urban centers of New York and Philadelphia as those regions were characterized by mass immigration from countries with strong carving traditions. Mostly, carousel animals were designed by Italians, Germans and Eastern Europeans. whole kit and boodle Cited http//www. folkartmuseum. org/default. asp? id=1869 http//www. gildedlions. org/ http//www. gilde dlions. org/carousels. html http//www. gildedlions. org/welcome. html

Chic Soap

You are asked to help formulate the IMC approach for the entrepreneur starting Chic Soap. The model behind Chic Soap is simple it sets out to incorporate fashionable perfumes much(prenominal) as Obsession, Raffinee and Opium into a high quality white ooze base. The growth would then be packaged using the logo of the perfume plus a Chic Soap common background. The advantages for the perfume supplier are a guaranteed outlet for its perfumes at full retail prices and a low cost trial route for potential customers.The advantages for Chic Soap are the use of already established perfume concepts to promote the soap and access to the distribution achieved by the perfumes. You are asked to identify the segment towards which the product is directed, the product benefit that is on offer, the vogue in which the segment volition be serviced how the distribution channel will be supported, what promotional planning will need to be included and an compend cash flow. The distribution channel s available for the sale of toilet soaps of various qualities are independent chemists, department stores, multiple chemists, supermarkets, and grocers.There were an estimated 200,000 outlets selling soap in the building blocked Kingdom. Most of these sold mass market products which retailed at 0. 25 per cl gm bar. Premium soaps made up yet a small affinity of the market and were available in a limited physical body of outlets which included independent chemists and department stores. The briny competitive products in the premium area were soaps such as Roger and Gallet, Penhaligon range, Yardley, Morley and three internationally available premium soaps. The prices for the 150gm bar for the 5 main ranges were 1. 60, 1. 75, 1. 85, 1.95, 1. 45.There was some evidence that the price elasticity of the premium product sector was fairly low. Consumers bought the product primarily on perfume and image rather than any other product attribute. Very high prices were charged for soaps th at were part of ranges such as Rive Gauche roughly 5 00 for the 150 gram equivalent. As the companies sold very little soap in these ranges they were not curiously worried approximately the effects of other products cannibalising brand sales. They were prepared to see Chic Soaps take on the sales of perfumed soap to a wider market.The sizing of the sum total toilet soap market was or so 190 million at retail. The top quality premium soap market was estimated to be 7 per cent of the total it was growing slowly as the deodorant market came under pressure because of the environmental problems associated with aerosol sprays other growth factors included the elaborateness in showers, and the expansion in the number of single homes. Retail outlets made about 20 per cent gross on premium soaps. They tended to hold only limited stocks, and did not therefore want the product in as large a quantity as mass market products which were available in cartons containing 50 or 100 bars.Many of the independent chemists were serviced through wholesalers. Such wholesalers accounted for about 70 per cent of the market. Wholesalers expected to make rough 8 per cent. There were about 100 wholesalers that serviced the independent chemist of these around 20 national chains accounted for 80 per cent of the total transaction. The national department stores (around 350) bought product direct. Research suggested that the main consumer of premium soaps was female 35+, socio-economic group A, concentrated in the South East of England and in large cities elsewhere.The average purchase of the 150 gramme soap was once every 3 weeks. An increasing proportion of the soap was bought as gifts, especially at Christmas. In the previous year, around 25 per cent of the total premium soap sector was purchased during the period early November to late December. Most advertising in the sector was in womens magazines. It was estimated that it would cost around 100 to endeavour every 2000 consumers in the appropriate socio-economic group. The competition advertised heavily average expenditure for the leading companies was around 400,000 per annum.8. A sales representative would cost around 12,000 per annum a company car would be 3,000 per annum. Such a sales representative could visit either 500 outlets direct or deal with 15 chains of wholesalers. The costs of packaging would be high. High quality packaging with the appropriate perfume design on the label would cost 0. 14 per unit with a stripped-down print run of 40,000 units. It was anticipated that gift packs of the five perfumed soaps for the Christmas season would be an additional 0. 45 to produce with a minimum production run of 25,000 units.The company had access to five of the leading perfumes in the country. These accounted for approximately 20 per cent of total fragrance sales the market has been and will remain highly fragmented. The costs of incorporating the perfume in the soap was 0. 40 per unit based on a mi nimum annual quantity of 300,000 units 0. 65 per unit based on an annual quantity of 200,000 units, and 0. 80 on an annual quantity of 100,000 units. The soap base was widely available from a number of alternative suppliers.Costs varied considerably from year to year depending on the commodity market in the year of the plan the base costs for a 150 gram bar were 0. 08 for the highest quality. Filling, molding and packing machinery could be bought from a variety of sources. A small but complete production line would cost around 25,000 it would be able to produce 1200 units per hour, and would occupy 2000 square feet of factory space. Changing the perfume and the packaging for each new production run would take around 2 hours. The production process would require skilled staff to monitor quality.It was estimated that three individuals would be needed, with an annual base salary of 35,000. 14. Research showed that the typical consumer comprehend premium soap as a touch of luxury an el ement of sophistication in an otherwise boring existence a low cost expressive style of giving a gift which would be appreciated. The main consumer interested in a changing range of exotic soaps was the working woman aged 25 45 over that age purchase patterns tended to become static. The company could use national parcel carriers to distribute the products to the customer. It would cost on average 0.50 per kilo though deliveries outside the immediate area would be considerably more expensive.The company had initially decided to locate near to the main source of demand in the South East of England. There were a number of sites that had proved suitable for the location of the factory. The costs for the required 4000 square feet were on average 25000 per annum. The new business rate would add 5000 to these costs. Variable production costs per soap bar in excess of raw materials and labor were estimated to be 0. 02, consisting of energy and maintenance costs.

Greenhouse Effect

Greenho aim Effect is a term for the role the atmosphere plays in helping fiery the earths surface. The atmosphere is largely transparent to incoming short-wave ( or ultrviolet) soalr radiation, which is absorbed by earths surface. The earth receives energy from the sun, which perfervids the earths surface. As this energy passes through the atmosphere, a certain percentage gets scattered. Some part of this energy is reflected back into the atmosphere from the work and ocean surface. The rest (70%) truly remains behind to heat the earth. n order to establisha balance, therefore, the earth must radiate some energy back into the atmosphere. As the earth is much ice chest than the sun, it does non emit energy as visisble llight. It emitsthrought is frared or thermal radiation. However, certain gases in the atmosphere. Without this blanket stamp, the earth would be around 30oC colder than it normally is. These gases like light speed dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide along with wat er vapour, comprise less than one per cent of the atmosphere.They are called glassho determination gases as the working principle is same as that which occurs in a glasshouse. Just as the galss of the greenhouse prevent the radiation of excess energy, this gas blanket absorbs some of the energy emitted by the earth and keeps temperaature level intact. This resolution was first recognized by a France scientist, Jean-Baptiste Fourier, who pionted out the similarly in what happen in the atmosphere and in a green house. Hence he terms the greenhouse effect. This gas blanket has been in place ever since the creation of the earth.Since the industrial revolution human activities have been releasing much and more(prenominal) of these greenhouse gases into atmosphere. This leads to the blanket becaming thicker and upsets gses are called sources and those that remove them are known as sink. A balance between source and sink maintains the level of these greenhouse gases. Humankind upsets this balance when new source that interfere with the natural gas. When we destroy forest, the degree Celsius stored in the treeescapes as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.Increasing agricultural activities, changes in drink down use patterns, and other sources lead to rising level of methane and nitrous oxide. Industrial processes also release artificial and new greenhouse gases like CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), while auto exhaust fumes lead to ozone generation. The resulting enchaned greenhouse effect is more commonly referred to as global warming or climate change. Global warming is a result of the increase of thickness of the greenhouse gas layer that is release into the atmosphere through human activity like burning fossil fuel. add greenhouse gas concerntration may be resulting in more heat being trap in the atmosphere and increasing global temperature emitted by the cars we drive, the furnaces we use to heat our homes and the industries that produce oil and gas, create ele ctricity and develop products for the worlds marketplace. These greeghouse are completely human caused. They harm stratospheric ozone and so are non as directly responsible for global warming as carbon dioxideis.The question of reducing their presence in the stratosphere is being taken care of in another global convention, the Montreal Protocol. These gases are particularly effective in absorbing long wave radiation from the earths surface and preventing heat from escaping. Alhtough the views and opinions of throng across the world vary on issues relating to the cause of global warming and its possible impacts, there is a common understanding that is is a cause for study global concern and must be adressed immediately.Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect is a term for the role the atmosphere plays in helping warm the earths surface. The atmosphere is largely transparent to incoming short-wave ( or ultrviolet) soalr radiation, which is absorbed by earths surface. The earth receives energy from the sun, which warms the earths surface. As this energy passes through the atmosphere, a certain percentage gets scattered. Some part of this energy is reflected back into the atmosphere from the land and ocean surface. The rest (70%) in reality remains behind to heat the earth. n order to establisha balance, therefore, the earth must radiate some energy back into the atmosphere. As the earth is much cool than the sun, it does not emit energy as visisble llight. It emitsthrought is frared or thermal radiation. However, certain gases in the atmosphere. Without this blanket effect, the earth would be around 30oC colder than it normally is. These gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide along with water vapour, comprise less than one per cent of the atmosphere.They are called greenhouse gases as the working principle is same as that which occurs in a greenhouse. Just as the galss of the greenhouse prevent the radiation of excess energy, this gas blanket absorb s some of the energy emitted by the earth and keeps temperaature level intact. This effect was first recognized by a France scientist, Jean-Baptiste Fourier, who pionted out the similarly in what happen in the atmosphere and in a green house. Hence he terms the greenhouse effect. This gas blanket has been in place ever since the creation of the earth.Since the industrial revolution human activities have been releasing more and more of these greenhouse gases into atmosphere. This leads to the blanket becaming thicker and upsets gses are called sources and those that remove them are known as sink. A balance between source and sink maintains the level of these greenhouse gases. Humankind upsets this balance when new source that interfere with the natural gas. When we destroy forest, the carbon stored in the treeescapes as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.Increasing agricultural activities, changes in land use patterns, and other sources lead to rising level of methane and nitrous oxi de. Industrial processes also release artificial and new greenhouse gases like CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), while locomote exhaust fumes lead to ozone generation. The resulting enchaned greenhouse effect is more commonly referred to as global warming or climate change. Global warming is a result of the increase of thickness of the greenhouse gas layer that is release into the atmosphere through human activity like burning fossil fuel. addition greenhouse gas concerntration may be resulting in more heat being trap in the atmosphere and increasing global temperature emitted by the cars we drive, the furnaces we use to heat our homes and the industries that produce oil and gas, create electricity and develop products for the worlds marketplace. These greeghouse are completely human caused. They harm stratospheric ozone and so are not as directly responsible for global warming as carbon dioxideis.The question of reducing their presence in the stratosphere is being taken care of in anoth er global convention, the Montreal Protocol. These gases are particularly effective in absorbing long wave radiation from the earths surface and preventing heat from escaping. Alhtough the views and opinions of flock across the world vary on issues relating to the cause of global warming and its possible impacts, there is a common understanding that is is a cause for major(ip) global concern and must be adressed immediately.

Some people think that most employees like to earn money for a better life than any enjoyable job

In sprightliness, citizens are currently living in a very harsh existence that seems full of difficulties that they have to confront longer. Everybody acknowledge todays economic situation is not as stable and proficient as expected. On the other hand, humans demand more(prenominal) standards of living first in order to catch up with the high pace of unquestionable nations. To achieve these ambitions, not a few of employees in the fact having been considered that they need to earn money at any career for a prosperous logistics life than any enjoyable bank line.Perhaps, the first mention is we should accept that money is primary reason for working though money does not bring happiness. It is often utter that plenty need money for survive. Moreover, life exit be easier for those who have plenty of money as they can do whatever they like and do not have to think constantly about whether they are able to afford well-nighthing or not. In addition, earning a good salary makes it ea sier to be more healthy and supports them with wealthy. The ideal situation may be to have an enjoyable job that also provides a good salary, but this is not always possible.It is crucial to remember that some people might not have a choice of jobs because they are not well educated or it chooses them, they cannot pick up one for their own. That is a reason why they mainly concentrate on spending most of their time to work hard any business that of necessity them for a seeking of money and dream pursuing even it is not their passion. No doubt, well-paid job enable people to live in luxury post with all modern conveniences. By this way, good salary possibly increases the quality of life.Another criticism I would like to comment is providing economic necessities is the most crucial aim of helping country to be well matched as others of five continents. In recent years, the economy status is facing some problem that leads us stimulate jobless and country goes worse more than before . That is the disadvantage of choosing an enjoyable job because the possibility of losing job is greatly high. Thus, perhaps I believe thattype of finish depends on the situation and scenario of the condition. Saying truthly, it will be risk if the individuals only wait for a job that they have a knowledge asset or an adoration of it.To emphasize, finding an enjoyable job can only suitable with previous situation in last few years. The best advice for employees here is they do not need to expect eagerly on the job that is matched with their education whatever it costs. To make a soon development, people should snatch an opportunity of job whenever it is available and put much effort in order to build up the national economy by having a stable financial bidding with good job.To end up my point of view, I would like to go with reasons why others appreciate a work they enjoy. These people claim that money is not happiness, whereas enjoyable job not only makes their life happier, but also help them earn high income in the near future. This due to the fact that they will find something interesting in their job that might seem dull and boring to others. As a consequence, they inevitably devote themselves heart and soul to work, lead story to them soon enhance the level of performance to get perfect effect.As well as this, it is highly likely that such job brings emotional satisfaction to prole and contributes to the development of company. It is reasonable to say that their boss will respect them, paying them, giving higher position. One more interesting pint here is some people insist that they could manage with less money and have a better life by taking a job they enjoy or by working fewer hours. Furthermore, a less well-paid job can enable them to spend more time at home.In conclusion, some people get by that money is not important, but I am sure that money is the solution to many problems. If employees earn more money at work, they will be able to meet fam ilys needs, in some aspect even they will be a kind of reputable person. What is more, by earning more money, people can enjoy life by making good living conditions and can help country go up as well.

Business Model Product Statement Health And Social Care Essay

The respiratory schema consists of the respiratory muscles, carry oning ship passings, lungs, pneumonic vasculature, and environing tissues and constructions ( Fig. 1 ) . Each plays an of import function in act uponing respiratory responses.Figure 1. Respiratory Anatomy ( 1 )LungsThere atomic number 18 two lungs in the human thorax the right lung is composed of three uncomplete divisions called lobes, and the left lung has two, go forthing room for the warmheartedness. The right lung histories for 55 % of entire gas meretriciousness and the left lung for 45 % . Lung tissue is squashy due to really little ( 200 to three hundred 10-6 m diameter in regular lungs at remainder ) gas-filled pits called teleph iodin line sac, which are the ultimate constructions for gas exchange. There are 250 million to 350 million air sac in the grownup lung, with a entire alveolar consonant surface country of 50 to 100 M2s depending on the grade of lung rising prices ( 2 ) .Conducting perso nal credit line passagesAir is transported from the ambiance to the air sac get downing with the unwritten and rhinal pits, through the throat ( in the pharynx ) , past the glottal gap, and into the windpipe or trachea. Conduction of air Begins at the voice box, or voice box, at the entryway to the windpipe, which is a fibromuscular tubing 10 to 12 centimeter in space and 1.4 to 2.0 centimeter in diameter. At a location called the Carina, the windpipe terminates and divides into the left and right bronchial tube. Each bronchial tube has a discontinuous rubbery support in its wall. Muscle fibres capable of commanding air passage diameter are incorporated into the walls of the bronchial tube, every smirch good as in those of air transitions closer to the air sac. Smooth musculus is present throughout the respiratory bronchiolus and alveolar canals alone is absent in the last alveolar canal, which terminates in one to several air sacs. The alveolar walls are shared by other air sacs and are composed of extremely fictile and collapsable squamous epithelial tissue cells.The bronchial tube subdivide into subbronchi, which farther subdivide into bronchioli, which further subdivide, and so on, until dismantletually making the alveolar degree. Each air passage is considered to ramify into two sub airlines. In the grownup homo there are considered to be 23 such ramifications, or coevalss, get downing at the windpipe and stoping in the air sac. Motion of gases in the respiratory airways occurs chiefly by majority flow ( convection ) throughout the part from the oral cavity to the olfactory organ to the 15th coevals. Beyond the 15th coevals, gas external respiration is comparatively more of import. With the low gas speeds that occur in diffusion, dimensions of the infinite over which diffusion occurs ( alveolar infinite ) must be little for equal O transporting into the walls smaller air sac are more efficient in the transferral of gas than are larger 1s ( 2 ) . AlveolussAlveoluss are the constructions through which gases diffuse to and from the organic structure. To guarantee gas exchange occurs expeditiously, alveolar walls are highly thin. For illustration, the entire tissue thickness among the interior of the air sac to pneumonic capillary blood plasma is merely approximately 0.4 10-6 m. Consequently, the chief barrier to diffusion occurs at the plasma and ruddy blood cell degree, non at the alveolar membrane ( 2 ) .Motion of Air In and Out of the Lungs and the Pressures That Cause the MotionPleural PressureIs the force per unit area of the fluid in the thin infinite between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura.Alveolar force per unit areaIs the force per unit area of the air internal the lung air sac. To do inward flow of air into the air sac during inspiration, the force per unit area in the air sac must overstep to a value somewhat below atmospheric force per unit area.Transpulmonary force per unit areaIt is the force per unit area difference between that in the air sac and that on the outer surfaces of the lungs, and it is a step of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to fall in the lungs at each blink of an shopping mall of espiration, called the kick force per unit area.Conformity of the LungsThe extent to which the lungs will spread out for each unit addition in transpulmonary force per unit area ( if fitted clip is allowed to make equilibrium ) is called the lung conformity. The entire conformity of both lungs together in the normal grownup human being norms about 200 millilitres of air per centimetre of H2O transpulmonary force per unit area ( 3 ) .Figure 2. Conformity diagram of lungs in a healthy individual ( 3 ) .Pathophysiology of deprive FailureReversible aetiologies for ablactating failure can be categorized in Respiratory heart and soul, cardiac burden, neuromuscular competency, critical unwellness neuromuscular abnormalcies ( CIMMA ) , neuropsychological factors, and metabolic and endocrinal upsets.Respiratory burdenThe ending to try discontinuance of mechanically skillful air out has mostly been based on the clinician s appraisal that the patient is haemodynamically stable, wake up, the disease procedure has been treated adequately and that indices of minimum ventilator dependence are present. The success of ablactating will be dependent on the ability of the respiratory musculus pump to digest the burden placed upon it. This respiratory burden is a map of the opposition and conformity of the ventilator pump.Excess work of accommodate a breathing ( WOB ) may be imposed by inappropriate ventilator scenes ensuing in ventilator dysynchrony ( 4 ) .Reduced pneumonic conformity may be secondary to pneumonia, cardiogenic or noncardiogenic pneumonic hydrops, pneumonic fibrosis, pneumonic bleeding or other diseases doing diffuse pneumonic infiltrates ( 5 ) .Cardiac burdenMany patients have identified ischemic bosom disease, valvular bosom disease, systolic or diastolic disfunction prior to, or identified during, their critical unwellness. More elusive and less easy recognized are those patients with myocardial disfunction, which is merely evident when exposed to the work load of ablactating ( 5 ) .Neuromuscular competencyLiberation from mechanical spreading requires the recommencement of neuromuscular activity to get the better of the electric protection of the respiratory trunk, to run into metabolic demands and to keep C dioxide homeostasis. This requires an equal signal coevals in the cardinal nervous system, integral transmittal to spinal respiratory motor nerve cells, respiratory musculuss and neuromuscular junctions. Disruption of any part of this transmittal may lend to ablactating failure ( 5 ) .Critical unwellness neuromuscular abnormalciesCINMA are the most common peripheral neuromuscular upsets encountered in the intensive care unit scene and normally affect both musculus and nervus ( 6 ) .Psychological disfunctionCraze, o r crisp encephalon disfunction Is a perturbation of the degree of knowledge and rousing and, in ICU patients, has been associated with many modifiable hazard factors, including role of psychotropic drugs untreated hurting drawn-out immobilization hypoxaemia anemia sepsis and kip want ( 7 ) .Anxiety and depression Many patients suffer important anxiousness during their ICU suffer and the procedure of ablactating from mechanical diffusion. These memories of hurt may stay for old ages ( 8 ) .Metabolic perturbationsHypophosphataemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypokalaemia all cause musculus failing. Hypothyroidism and Addisons disease may besides lend to difficultness ablactating ( 5 ) .NutritionCorpulence The mechanical effects of fleshiness with reduced respiratory conformity, high shutting volume/functional residuary capacity ratio and elevated WOB tycoon be expected to refer on the continuance of mechanical airing ( 5 ) .Ventilator-induced stop disfunction and critical unwell ness oxidative emphasisVentilator-induced stop disfunction and critical unwellness oxidative emphasis is defined as loss of diaphragm force-generating capacity that is specifically related to utilize of controlled mechanical airing ( 9 ) .Clinical Presentation of PatientsPatients can be classified into three groups harmonizing to the trouble and length of the weaning procedure.The simple ablactation, group 1, includes patients who flourishingly pass the initial self-generated dispatch a breathing test ( SBT ) and are successfully extubated on the prototypical effort. Group 2, hard ablactation, includes patients who require up to three SBT or every bit long as 7 yearss from the first SBT to accomplish successful ablactation. Group 3, prolonged ablactation, includes patients who require more than three SBT or more than 7 yearss of ablactation by and by the first SBT ( 5 ) .Clinical Outcomes and EpidemiologyThere is much grounds that ablactating tends to be delayed, exposing the pa tient to unneeded uncomfortableness and increased hazard of complications ( 5 ) . Time spent in the ablactation procedure represents 40-50 % of the entire continuance of mechanical airing ( 10 ) ( 11 ) . ESTEBAN et Al. ( 10 ) demonstrated that fatality rate additions with increasing continuance of mechanical airing, in portion because of complications of drawn-out mechanical airing, particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia and airway injury ( 12 ) .The incidence of unplanned extubation ranges 0.3-16 % . In most instances ( 83 % ) , the unplanned extubation is initiated by the patient, objet dart 17 % are inadvertent. Almost half of patients with self-extubation during the weaning period do non necessitate reintubation, proposing that many patients are maintained on mechanical airing extended than is necessary ( 5 ) . Addition in the extubation hold between readiness twenty-four hours and effectual extubation significantly increases mortality. In the survey by COPLIN et Al. ( 13 ) , mortality was 12 % if there was no hold in extubation and 27 % when extubation was delayed.Failure of extubation is associated with high mortality rate, either by choosing for bad patients or by bring oning hurtful effects such as aspiration, atelectasis and pneumonia ( 5 ) . Rate of ablactating failure after a individual SBT is reported to be 26- 42 % . Variation in the rate of ablactating failure among surveies is due to differences in the definition of ablactating failure. VALLVERDU et Al. ( 14 ) reported that ablactating failure occurred in every bit many as 61 % of COPD patients, in 41 % of neurological patients and in 38 % of hypoxaemic patients. Contradictory consequences exist sing the rate of ablactating success among neurological patients. The survey by COPLIN et Al. ( 13 ) demonstrated that 80 % of patients with a Glasgow coma mark of more than 8 and 91 % of patients with a Glasgow coma mark less than 4 were successfully extubated. In 2,486 patients from six survei es, 524 patients failed SBT and 252 failed extubation after go throughing SBT, taking to a entire weaning failure rate of 31.2 % ( 5 ) . The huge bulk of patients who fail a SBT do so because of an unbalance between respiratory musculus capacity and the burden placed on the respiratory system. High air passage opposition and low respiratory system conformity contribute to the increased work of take a breathing necessary to take a breath and can take to unsuccessful let go of from mechanical airing ( 15 ) .Economic ImpactMechanical airing is largely used in the intensive attention units ( ICU ) of infirmaries. ICUs typically consume more than 20 % of the monetary resources of a infirmary ( 16 ) . A survey that analyzed the incidence, cost, and payment of the Medicare intensive attention unit usage in the United States ( US ) reveled that mechanical airing costs a amount stopping point to US $ 2,200 per twenty-four hours ( 17 ) . One survey shows that patients in the ICUs having dra wn-out mechanical airing represents 6 % of all ventilated patients but consume 37 % of intensive attention unit ( ICU ) resources ( 18 ) . Another survey corroborates this Numberss besides demoing that 5 % to 10 % of ICU patients require drawn-out mechanical airing, and this patient group consumes more than or every bit much as 50 % of ICU patient yearss and ICU resources. Prolonged ventilatory support and chronic ventilator dependence, both in the ICU and non-ICU scenes, have a important and turning impact on health care economic sciences ( 19 ) .DrumheadTreatment OptionWeaning FailureOverviewThe procedure of initial ablactating from the ventilator begins with an appraisal sing preparedness for ablactating. It is so followed by SBT as a diagnostic trial to find the possibility of a successful extubation. For the bulk of patients, the full ablactation procedure involves verification that the patient is ready for extubation. Patients who meet the standards in table 2 should be consid ered as being ready to ablactate from mechanical airing. These standards are cardinal to gauge the likeliness of a successful SBT in order to avoid tests in patients with a high chance of failure ( 5 ) .Table 2Standards for Measuring Readiness to WeanClinical estimateAdequate coughAbsence of inordinate tracheobronchial secernmentResolution of disease acute stage for which the patient was intubatedObjective billsClinical stablenessStable cardiovascular position ( i.e. fC ?140 beats*min-1, systolic BP 90-160 mmHg, no or minimum vasopressors )Stable metabolic positionAdequate oxygenationSa, O2 & A gt 90 % on ?FI, O2 0.4 ( or Pa, O2/FI, O2 ?150 mmHg )cheep ?8 cmH2OAdequate pneumonic mapf ?35 breaths*min-1PImax ?-20- -25 cmH2OVe & A lt 10 l*min-1P0.1/PImax & A lt 0.3VT & A gt 5 mL*kg-1VC & A gt 10 mL*kg-1f/VT & A lt 105 breaths*min-1*L-1CROP & A gt 13 ml*breaths-1*min-1No important respiratory acidosisAdequate persuasionNo sedation or equal thinking on sedation ( or stabl e neurologic patient )Taken from ( 5 ) and ( 15 ) . fC cardiac oftenness BP blood force per unit area Sa, O2 arterial O impregnation FI, O2 inspiratory O fraction Pa, O2 arterial O tenseness PEEP positive end-expiratory force per unit area degree Fahrenheit respiratory frequence PImax maximum inspiratory force per unit area VT tidal volume VC critical capacity CROP integrative might of conformity. 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa.Harmonizing to an adept panel, among these standards merely seven variables have some prognostic potency minute airing ( VE ) , maximum inspiratory force per unit area ( PImax ) , tidal volume ( VT ) , take a breathing frequence ( degree Fahrenheit ) , the ratio of take a breathing frequence to tidal volume ( f/VT ) , P0.1/PImax ( ratio of airway occlusion force per unit area 0.1 s after the oncoming of inspiratory attempt to maximal inspiratory force per unit area ) , and CROP ( integrative index of conformity, rate, oxygenation, and force per unit area ) ( 2 0 ) .Minute VentilationMinute airing is the entire lung airing per minute, the merchandise of tidal volume and respiration rate ( 21 ) . It is step by measuring the sum of gas expired by the patients lungs. Mathematicly, minute airing can be calculated after this expressionIt is reported that a VE less than 10 litres/minute is associated with ablactating success ( 22 ) . some other surveies comprise that VE values more than 15-20 litres/minute are helpful in placing if a patient is improbable to be liberated from mechanical airing but lower values were non helpful in foretelling successful release ( 15 ) . A more recent survey concluded that short VE recuperation times ( 3-4 proceedingss ) after a 2-hour SBT can assist in finding respiratory modesty and predict the success of extubation ( 23 ) .When mechanical airing takes topographic point, this parametric quantity is calculated monitoring flow and force per unit area by the ventilator in usage itself or by an strong-minded dev ice attached to the air passage circulation system such as the Respironics NM3 by Phillips Medical. Other ways to find minute airing are by mensurating the electric resistance across the thoracic pit ( 24 ) . This method though, is invasive and requires deep-rooted electrodes.Maximal Inspiratory PressureMaximal inspiration force per unit area is the maximal force per unit area within the air sac of the lungs that occurs during a full inspiration ( 21 ) . Is it normally used to prove respiratory musculus strength. On patients in the ICU or those non capable to collaborate, the PImax is measured by obstructing the terminal of the endotracheal tubing for a period of clip close to 22 seconds with a one-way valve that merely allows the patient to expire. This constellation leads to increasing inspiratory attempt mensurating PImax towards the terminal of the occlusion period. However PImax is non plenty to foretell faithfully the likelihood of successful ablactating due to low specifity ( 15 ) . The measuring of PImax can be performed by devices equipped with force per unit area detectors.Tidal VolumeTidal volume is the sum of air inhaled and exhaled during normal airing ( 21 ) . Spontaneous tidal volumes greater than 5 ml/kg can foretell ablactating result ( 25 ) . More recent surveies found that a technique that measures the sum of regularity in a series analysing approximative information of tidal volume and external respiration frequence forms is a utile index of reversibility of respiratory failure. A low approximate information that reflects regular tidal volume and respiratory frequence forms is a good index of ablactating success ( 26 ) . Tidal volume can be measured utilizing a pneumotachographic device.Breathing FrequencyThe grade of regularity in the form of the external respiration frequence shown by approximative information instead than the absolute value of the external respiration frequence is been proven to be utile in know aparting between ablactat ing success and failure ( 26 ) . The take a breathing rate or frequence is measured by numbering the external respiration rhythms per a defined period of clip.The Ratio of Breathing Frequency to Tidal VolumeYang and Tobin 18 so performed a prospective survey of 100 medical patients having mechanical airing in the ICU in which they demonstrated that the ratio of frequence to tidal volume ( rapid shoal take a breathing index ( RSBI ) ) obtained during the first 1 minute of a T-piece test and at a threshold value of ?105 breaths/minute/l was a significantly better predictor of ablactating results However, there remains a rule defect in the RSBI it can bring forth inordinate false positive anticipations ( that is, patients fail ablactating outcome even when RSBI is ?105 breaths/minute/l ) 35-36 Besides, the RSBI has less prognostic power in the attention of patients who need ventilatory support for more than 8 yearss and may be less utile in chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) and aged patients 37-39 .The Ratio of Airway Occlusion Pressure to Maximal Inspiratory PressureThe airway occlusion force per unit area ( P0.1 ) is the force per unit area measured at the air passage opening 0.1 s after invigorate against an occluded air passage 42 . The P0.1 is attempt independent and correlates good with cardinal respiratory thrust. When combined with PImax, the P0.1/PImax ratio at a value of & A lt 0.3 has been found to be a good early forecaster of ablactating success 11,43 and may be more utile than either P0.1 or PImax entirely. Previously, the clinical usage of P0.1/PImax has been limited by the demand of particular instrumentality at the bedside nevertheless, new and modern ventilators are integrating respiratory mechanics faculties that provide numerical and pictorial shows of P0.1 and PImax.Air manner ResistanceCropThe CROP index is an integrative index that incorporates several steps of preparedness for release from mechanical airing, such as dynamic respiratory system conformity ( Crs ) , self-generated external respiration frequence ( degree Fahrenheit ) , arterial to alveolar oxygenation ( partial force per unit area of arterial O ( PaO2 ) /partial force per unit area of alveolar O ( PAO2 ) ) , and PImax in the undermentioned relationshipCROP = Crs PImax ( PaO2/PAO2 ) /fwherePAO2 = ( PB-47 ) FiO2 PaCO2/0.85and PB is barometric force per unit area. The CROP index assesses the relationship between the demands placed on the respiratory system and the ability of the respiratory musculuss to manage them 18 . Yang and Tobin 18 reported that a CROP value & A gt 13 ml/breaths/minute offers a moderately accurate forecaster of ablactating mechanical airing result. In 81 COPD patients, Alvisi and co-workers 39 showed that a CROP index at a threshold value of & A gt 16 ml/breaths/minute is a good forecaster of ablactating result. However, one disadvantage of the CROP index is that it is slightly cumbrous to utili ze in the clinical scene as it requires measurings of many variables with the possible hazard of mistakes in the measuring techniques or the measuring device, which can significantly impact the value of the CROP index.Clinical Treatment ProfilesCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Hormones and Behavior Essay

The endocrine gland outline is the collection of secretory organs that produce endocrines. Hormones are chemical substance substances that act like messenger molecules in the dead form. They regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, and many new(prenominal) things. These endocrine glands can affect an individuals behavior in many ways. The Endocrine System is do up of several different endocrine glands the pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal gland. Each gland secretes different hormones that have many different effects on the body and behavior.The Pituitary gland is called the achieve Gland. It is called this because its hormones influence other endocrine glands. oxytocin is a hormone released by the pituitary gland. This hormone helps in regulating behaviors related to happiness such as sexual activity, social bonding, and helps to reduce stress. Oxytocin also plays a role in pregnancy a nd wear upon. The pituitary gland causes contractions in the uterus during labor and stimulates the ducts of the breasts to help eject milk.The Adrenal Gland is located undern wasteh the back of the rib cage on top of the kidneys. The adrenal gland helps do several things such beseech the body, regulates salt balance, adjust the body to stress and affects sexual functioning. Epinephrine is a hormone released by the adrenal gland. This hormone is associated with fear and is what helps arouse the body. Epinephrine is most commonly known as adrenaline.When a person has hormone levels that are excessively high or too low, that indicates a problem with the endocrine system. It can be a fool of a Hormone disease. Hormone diseases can also occur if the body does not respond to hormones in the appropriate ways. Stress, infection, and changes in thebloods fluid and electrolyte balance can also influence hormone levels, according to the National Institutes of Health.The most common endocr ine disease in the United States is diabetes. Diabetes is a narrow down in which the body does not properly process glucose, a simple sugar. This is due to the lack of insulin or, if the body is producing insulin, because the body is not working effectively, according to Dr. Jennifer Loh, chief of the department of endocrinology for Kaiser Permanente in Hawaii. Maintaining a healthy endocrine system helps your body perform many of its vital functions, such as growth, development, reproduction and immunity. The endocrine system may also affect some aspects of personality and behavior. To keep the endocrine system functioning properly, eat healthy and reduce stress. An unhealthy endocrine system can result in thyroid diseases, osteoporosis and a variety of other problems, both large and small. Heres how to maintain the endocrine system.